Tova L. Forti is Associate Professor in the Department of Bible Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the author of Animal Imagery in the Book of Proverbs.

“Overall, [Forti] displays commendable consistency in her approach to metaphors. Her work may serve as a useful methodological tool for any future research into metaphors in the Psalms.”—Juan Cruz Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

• PrefaceIntroductionThe Psalms as LiturgyImagery, Metaphor, and SimileSynopsis of Research on Metaphors in the Psalms The Focus of Investigation and MethodologyChapter 1 Faunal Imagery in Psalmodic RefrainsPsalm 49:13, 21: A wisdom motif of human ignorance and the futility of wealth—בהמות ‘beasts’Psalms 59:7, 15; 22:13–14, 17, 21–22; and 118:10–12: Animal imagery as representing the psalmist’s adversary Psalm 59:7, 15: Wild-dog imagery to denote the psalmist’s enemy—כלב ‘dog’Psalm 22:13–14, 17: Bulls, mighty ones of Bashan, lions, dogs, and wild oxen as metonyms for the psalmist’s adversaries—כלב ‘dog,’ פר ‘bull,’ אריה ‘lion’Psalm 118:10–12: Bee imagery as denoting the psalmist’s enemies—דבורה ‘bee’Chapter 2 Faunal Imagery as Secondary InterpolationProverbs 1:10–19Psalm 84:4: Intimacy with God—צפור ‘bird’ and 'sparrow' דרורPsalm 102:7–8: Desolation and isolation—קאת ‘great owl,’ כוס ‘owl,’ and צפור ‘bird’Psalms 33:16–17 and 32:8–9: Wisdom motifs within theological contemplation—סוס ‘horse’ and פרד ‘mule’Psalm 32:8–9 83ConclusionFaunal Imagery in Psalmodic RefrainsFaunal Imagery as Secondary InterpolationBibliographyIndexesIndex of Authors Index of Scripture

Tova L. Forti is Associate Professor in the Department of Bible Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the author of Animal Imagery in the Book of Proverbs.

“Overall, [Forti] displays commendable consistency in her approach to metaphors. Her work may serve as a useful methodological tool for any future research into metaphors in the Psalms.”—Juan Cruz Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

• PrefaceIntroductionThe Psalms as LiturgyImagery, Metaphor, and SimileSynopsis of Research on Metaphors in the Psalms The Focus of Investigation and MethodologyChapter 1 Faunal Imagery in Psalmodic RefrainsPsalm 49:13, 21: A wisdom motif of human ignorance and the futility of wealth—בהמות ‘beasts’Psalms 59:7, 15; 22:13–14, 17, 21–22; and 118:10–12: Animal imagery as representing the psalmist’s adversary Psalm 59:7, 15: Wild-dog imagery to denote the psalmist’s enemy—כלב ‘dog’Psalm 22:13–14, 17: Bulls, mighty ones of Bashan, lions, dogs, and wild oxen as metonyms for the psalmist’s adversaries—כלב ‘dog,’ פר ‘bull,’ אריה ‘lion’Psalm 118:10–12: Bee imagery as denoting the psalmist’s enemies—דבורה ‘bee’Chapter 2 Faunal Imagery as Secondary InterpolationProverbs 1:10–19Psalm 84:4: Intimacy with God—צפור ‘bird’ and 'sparrow' דרורPsalm 102:7–8: Desolation and isolation—קאת ‘great owl,’ כוס ‘owl,’ and צפור ‘bird’Psalms 33:16–17 and 32:8–9: Wisdom motifs within theological contemplation—סוס ‘horse’ and פרד ‘mule’Psalm 32:8–9 83ConclusionFaunal Imagery in Psalmodic RefrainsFaunal Imagery as Secondary InterpolationBibliographyIndexesIndex of Authors Index of Scripture

Tova L. Forti is Associate Professor in the Department of Bible Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the author of Animal Imagery in the Book of Proverbs.

“Overall, [Forti] displays commendable consistency in her approach to metaphors. Her work may serve as a useful methodological tool for any future research into metaphors in the Psalms.”—Juan Cruz Journal for the Study of the Old Testament

• PrefaceIntroductionThe Psalms as LiturgyImagery, Metaphor, and SimileSynopsis of Research on Metaphors in the Psalms The Focus of Investigation and MethodologyChapter 1 Faunal Imagery in Psalmodic RefrainsPsalm 49:13, 21: A wisdom motif of human ignorance and the futility of wealth—בהמות ‘beasts’Psalms 59:7, 15; 22:13–14, 17, 21–22; and 118:10–12: Animal imagery as representing the psalmist’s adversary Psalm 59:7, 15: Wild-dog imagery to denote the psalmist’s enemy—כלב ‘dog’Psalm 22:13–14, 17: Bulls, mighty ones of Bashan, lions, dogs, and wild oxen as metonyms for the psalmist’s adversaries—כלב ‘dog,’ פר ‘bull,’ אריה ‘lion’Psalm 118:10–12: Bee imagery as denoting the psalmist’s enemies—דבורה ‘bee’Chapter 2 Faunal Imagery as Secondary InterpolationProverbs 1:10–19Psalm 84:4: Intimacy with God—צפור ‘bird’ and 'sparrow' דרורPsalm 102:7–8: Desolation and isolation—קאת ‘great owl,’ כוס ‘owl,’ and צפור ‘bird’Psalms 33:16–17 and 32:8–9: Wisdom motifs within theological contemplation—סוס ‘horse’ and פרד ‘mule’Psalm 32:8–9 83ConclusionFaunal Imagery in Psalmodic RefrainsFaunal Imagery as Secondary InterpolationBibliographyIndexesIndex of Authors Index of Scripture