IP Multicast

Josh Loveless, CCIE No. 16638, is a customer solutions architect for Cisco Systems. He has been with Cisco for four years, providing architecture and support services for Tier 1 service providers as well as for many of Cisco’s largest enterprise customers, specializing in large-scale routing and switching designs. Currently, Josh is helping Cisco’s customers in the defense and intelligence industries meet the challenges of an ever-changing technology landscape, designing secure automated networks with advanced capabilities, including IP multicast. Prior to joining Cisco, he spent 15 years working for large service providers and enterprises as both an engineer and an architect, as well as providing training and architecture services to some of Cisco’s trusted partners. Josh maintains two CCIE certifications, Routing and Switching and Service Provider.Ray Blair, CCIE No. 7050, is a distinguished systems engineer and has been with Cisco Systems since 1999. He uses his years of experience to align technology solutions with business needs, insuring customer success. Ray started his career in 1988, designing industrial monitoring and communication systems. Since that time, he has been involved with server/database administration and the design, implementation, and management of networks that included networking technologies from ATM to ZMODEM. He maintains three CCIE certifications in Routing and Switching, Security, and Service Provider (No. 7050), is also a Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), and a Certified Business Architect (No. 00298). Ray is coauthor of two Cisco Press books, Cisco Secure Firewall Services Module and Tcl Scripting for Cisco IOS. He speaks at many industry events and is a Cisco Live distinguished speaker.Arvind Durai, CCIE No. 7016, is a director of solution integration for Cisco Advanced Services. His primary responsibility in the past 17 years has been in supporting major Cisco customers in the enterprise sector, including financial, retail, manufacturing, ecommerce, state government, utility (smart grid networks), and healthcare sectors. Some of his focuses have been on security, multicast, network virtualization, and data center, and he has authored several white papers and design guides on various technologies. He has been involved in multicast designs for several enterprise customers in different verticals. He is also one of the contributors in providing the framework for Advanced Services Multicast Audit tool that helps customers assess their operational multicast network to Industry best practices.Arvind maintains two CCIE certifications: Routing and Switching and Security and also is a Certified Business Architect. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree in Electronics and Communication, a Master’s degree in Electrical Engineering (MS), and a Master’s degree in Business Administration (MBA). He is a coauthor of three Cisco Press books: Cisco Secure Firewall Services Module, Virtual Routing in the Cloud, and TcL Scripting for Cisco IOS. He has coauthored IEEE WAN smart grid architecture and presented in many industry forums, such as IEEE and Cisco Live.

• Introduction xvChapter 1 Introduction to IP Multicast 1What Problem Does Multicast Solve? 3Multicast Applications and Services 5One-to-Many Multicast Applications 5Many-to-Many Multicast Applications 6Many-to-One Multicast Applications 7Multicast Packet 8What Is a Source? 9What Is a Receiver? 10L3 Multicast Is Built on the TCP/IP Protocol Stack 10It’s a Group Thing 11IPv4 Layer 3 Multicast Addressing Defines Groups 13IPv4 Multicast Group Address Assignments 14Important Multicast Groups and Group Considerations 16IPv4 Local Network Control 16IPv4 Inter-Network Control 18The History of Multicast 19The MBone 20Native Internet Multicast 20IPv6 Multicast 20Multicast Development and Standardization 21Summary 21Chapter 2 Network Access and Layer 2 Multicast 23Layered Encapsulation 23MAC Address Mapping 26Switching Multicast Frames 28Group Subscription 29IGMP on the Gateway Router 30IGMP Versions 31IGMPv1 31IGMPv2 32IGMPv3 35Configuring IGMP on a Router 37Mixed Groups: Interoperability Between IGMPv1, v2, and v3 38Layer 2 Group Management 38Cisco Group Management Protocol 38The CGMP Leave Process 39Router-Port Group Management Protocol 39Snooping 40IGMP Snooping 40Maintaining Group Membership 44Configuring IP IGMP Snooping 44The Process of Packet Replication in a Switch 45Protecting Layer 2 47Storm Control 47Summary 49References 49Chapter 3 IP Multicast at Layer 3 51Multicast Hosts 52Networked Groups: Client/Server 52Network Hosts 53Multicast Routing: An Introduction to Protocol Independent Multicast and Multicast Trees 54Seeing the Forest Through the Trees 55What Is a Network Tree? 55Concepts of PIM Group States 57The (*,G) State Entry 58The (S,G) State Entry 60Reverse Path Forwarding 61Two Types of Trees 63Source Trees (Shortest Path Trees) 64Shared Trees 66Branches on a Tree 68PIM Neighbors 68Designated Routers 69PIM Messages: Join, Leave, Prune, Graft, and Assert 72Join 75Leave and Prune 75Graft 75Assert 75PIM Modes 76PIM Dense-Mode 76PIM Sparse-Mode 77PIM Sparse-Dense Mode 80Multicast Flow at the Leaf 81Leaving an IGMP Group 85The Rendezvous Point and Shared Tree Dynamics 87From a Shared Tree to a Source Tree 94Building the Multicast Routing Information Base 101Multicast Routing Information Base and Multicast Forwarding Information Base 102PIM-BiDir 104PIM-SSM 110Summary 119Chapter 4 Protocol Independent Multicast 121RP Overview 121IP Multicast Domains 124Basic PIM Configuration 128Static RP 129PIM Dense Mode 132Dynamic RP Information Propagation 134Auto RP 135Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for IOS 137Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for IOS-XR 139Sample Configuration: Auto-RP for NX-OS 141BSR 143Sample Configuration: BSR in IOS 145Sample Configuration: BSR in IOS-XR 146Sample Configuration: BSR in NX-OS 148Anycast RP 149Multicast Source Discovery Protocol 150PIM Anycast RP 151Sample Configuration: Anycast RP with MSDP on IOS 153Sample Configuration: Anycast with MSDP on IOS-XR 155Sample Configuration: Anycast on NX-OS 158Phantom RP 160Sample Configuration–Phantom RP on IOS 161PIM SSM Configuration 162Summary 164Chapter 5 IP Multicast Design Considerations and Implementation 167Multicast Group Scoping 167Organizational and Global Group Assignment Considerations 168IPv4 Considerations 170Using Group Scoping for Hybrid Designs and RP Placement 173Multicast RP Design with MSDP Mesh Group 178Multicast RP Hybrid Design with Scoped Multicast Domains 181RP Placement 186Multicast Traffic Engineering and Forwarding 186More on mRIB, mFIB, and RPF Checks 188Traffic Engineering Using IP Multipath Feature 197Multicast Traffic Engineering: Deterministic Path Selection 201IP Multicast Best Practices and Security 209Before Enabling PIM 209General Best Practices 210Tuning the Network for Multicast 211Manually Selecting Designated Routers 212Basic Multicast Security 216Protecting Multicast Control-plane and Data-plane Resources 216Securing Multicast Domains with Boundaries and Borders 218Protecting Multicast RPs 225Best Practice and Security Summary 226Putting It All Together 228Scenario: Multicaster’s Bank Corp. Media Services 228Summary 238Chapter 6 IPv6 Multicast Networks 239IPv6 Fundamentals: A Quick Overview 239IPv6 Layer 3 Multicast Group Addressing 242IPv6 Multicast Group Address Assignments 245IANA Unicast-Prefix—Based Multicast Address 247IPv6 Source-Specific Addressing 248Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses 249IPv6 Address Scoping and Schema Considerations 249Multicast-IPv6-Address-to-MAC-Address Mapping 250IPv6 Layer 2 and Layer 3 Multicast 250Multicast Listener Discovery for IPv6 251MLDv1 251MLDv2 253Configuring MLD and the MLD Message Process 253Multicast Listener Discovery Joining a Group and Forwarding Traffic 255Leaving a MLD Group 258Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Snooping 258Configuring MLD Snooping 259IPv6 Layer 3 Multicast and Protocol Independent Multicast 6 (PIM6) 261PIM6 Static mroute Entries 268PIM6 Group Modes 269Summary 282Chapter 7 Operating and Troubleshooting IP Multicast Networks 283Multicast Troubleshooting Logic 283Multicast Troubleshooting Methodology 283Baseline Check: Source and Receiver Verification 287State Verification 293RP Control-Plane Check 294Hop-by-Hop State Validation 299Overview of Common Tools for Multicast Troubleshooting 303Ping Test 303SLA Test 304Common Multicast Debug Commands 307debug ip mpacket Command 307debug ip pim Command 307debug ip igmp Command 308Multicast Troubleshooting 309Multicast Troubleshooting Case Study 310Baseline Check: Source and Receiver Verification 312Important Multicast show Commands 326show ip igmp group Command 326show ip igmp interface/show igmp interface Commands 326show ip mroute/show mrib route Command 328show ip pim interface/show pim interface Commands 330show ip pim neighbor/show pim neighbor Commands 330show ip pim rp Command 331show ip pim rp mapping/show pim rp mapping Commands 332Summary 3339781587144592 TOC 9/8/2016