Research in Communication Sciences and Disorders

Lauren K. Nelson, PhD, is an associate professor and head of the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Northern Iowa (UNI). Since coming to UNI in 1990, she has taught courses in articulation and phonological disorders, child language disorders, phonetics, prevention of communication disorders, and research methods. Her educational background includes a BS degree from Northern Michigan University and an MA degree from Central Michigan University. After working for 2 years in an Iowa area education agency, she returned to school and completed her PhD studies at Memphis State University (now University of Memphis).+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++Jaimie L. Gilbert, Ph.D., is an assistant professor in the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Northern Iowa. She received a B.A. in Communicative Disorders and in Linguistics from the University of Wisconsin and an M.A. and a Ph.D. in Speech and Hearing Sciences (Audiology) from the University of Illinois. Dr. Gilbert completed a post-doctoral fellowship in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Indiana University. Her research interests include auditory-visual integration and talker variation in speech perception.

• Chapter 1. Empirical and Nonempirical Research: An OverviewSystematic InquirySome Roles for ResearchTypes of ResearchVariablesGetting Started with ResearchSummaryReview QuestionsReferencesAppendix 1-1. Tips for Reading a Research ArticleChapter 2. Ethical ConsiderationsProtection of Human ParticipantsSpecial ProtectionsHistorical PerspectiveInstitutional Review BoardsResearch IntegrityAvoiding Conflicts of InterestCredit for Intellectual EffortAttribution of IdeasAccuracy in Reporting InformationData ManagementConfidentiality and PrivacyHealth Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAASummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesAppendix 2-1. Research ScenarioChapter 3. Identifying and Formulating Research QuestionsIdentifying Important QuestionsFormulating Research QuestionsWays to Formulate a Research ProblemEvidence-Based Practice QuestionsCriteria for Well-Formed QuestionsEstablishing Validity and ReliabilitySummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesChapter 4. Completing a Literature Search and Literature ReviewPurposes of a Literature SearchPlanning and Conducting a SearchSearch ToolsDesigning a Search StrategyOrganizing and Documenting Your Literature SearchSummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesAppendix 4-1. Electronic Literature SearchChapter 5. Writing a Literature ReviewResearch PhasesPurposes of a Literature ReviewOrganizationNote TakingWriting the PaperExample of an OutlineSummary and Conclusions SectionCitations and ReferencesExample 1: Paraphrase from a Single SourceExample 2: Paraphrase from a Single Source' Example 3: Short Quote from Another SourceExample 4: Short Quote from Another SourceExample 1: Entry for a Journal Article from a Print SourceExample 2: Entry for a Journal Article with a DOI NumberExample 3: Entry for a Journal Article without a DOI NumberExample 4: Entry for a BookExample 5: Entry for a Chapter in an Edited BookExample 6: Entry for a Website DocumentLiterature Review Check ListTypes of Literature ReviewsSummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesChapter 6. Nonexperimental Research DesignNonexperimental Research DesignsSurvey ResearchCase StudiesLongitudinal ResearchCorrelation and RegressionGroup ComparisonsCausal-Comparative ResearchQualitative ResearchEthnographyGrounded TheoryCase StudyPhenomenologyConversation AnalysisScientific Rigor in Qualitative ResearchSummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesAppendix 6-1. Examples of Research DesignsChapter 7. Experimental Research and Levels of EvidenceExperimental Research DesignsPosttest-Only DesignsPretest-Posttest Randomized Control Group DesignSolomon Randomized Four-Group DesignSwitching Replications DesignFactorial DesignsImportance of Experimental ControlHistoryMaturationStatistical RegressionInstrumentationSelectionMortalityQuasi-Experimental ApproachesNonequivalent Control Group DesignsRepeated Measures Group DesignSingle-Subject DesignsSingle-Subject Design QualityExperimental Designs and Levels of EvidenceSummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesAppendix 7-1. Research ScenarioChapter 8. Research Participants and SamplingPopulations and SamplesSample CharacteristicsSampling MethodsSimple Random SamplingSystematic SamplingStratified Random SamplingCluster SamplingPurposive SamplingRandom AssignmentSample SizeSummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesChapter 9. Data Analysis: Describing Different Types of DataLevels of MeasurementVisual Representation of DataDescriptive StatisticsFrequencies and PercentagesMeasures of Central TendencyMeasures of VariabilityMeans as EstimatesShapes of DistributionsSummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesChapter 10. Data Analysis: Inferential StatisticsInferential StatisticsMeasures of AssociationPearson Product-Moment Correlation CoefficientCoefficient of DeterminationSpearman Rank-Order CorrelationChi Square and Contingency CoefficientSimple Regression and Multiple RegressionTesting for Differences Between Two SamplesIndependent and Paired t-TestsConfidence IntervalsMann-Whitney USign Test and Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks TestTesting for Differences among Three or More SamplesStatistical Analysis for Factorial DesignsAdditional Tools for Analyzing Clinical DataCaution in the Use and Reporting of StatisticsSummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferencesAppendix 10-1. Examples of Data Analysis ProceduresChapter 11. Research Outcomes: Clinical Guidance, Research ReportsKnowledge Base for Evaluating Clinical ResearchCritical AppraisalHow Applicable Are the FindingsReporting Research FindingsComponents of a Research ReportWriting Guidelines and Writing StyleDisseminating Research FindingsSummaryReview QuestionsLearning ActivitiesReferences