Tariq Ahmad Dar, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, affiliated with ClusterUniversity, Srinagar, India. He has published his research in journals of international repute and haspresented his papers at national and international conferences. He is actively involved in enhancing thegrowth, yield, and active constituents of medicinal and aromatic plants using plant growth regulators likejasmonates, gibberellins, and depolymerized polysaccharides. Currently, Dr. Dar is focusing on the use ofmarine polysaccharides as plant growth regulators and increasing the yield of active constituents ofmedicinal plants.Bilal Ahmad, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Botany at Govt Degree College, KhanSahib, Budgam,affiliated with University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar, India. He has studied the influence of plant growthpromoters, radiation-processed polysaccharides, and nanoparticles on medicinal plants. He is the recipientof several awards. Dr. Ahmad has authored research publications in impact-factor international journals andedited books with international publishers.Moinuddin, PhD, is a Professor of Botany at Women’s College at Aligarh Muslim University, India. He hasbeen working on the effect on plant growth regulators, nanoparticles, and marine polysaccharides undernormal and water-stress conditions for more than 13 years at AMU. Dr. Moinuddin has over 100 researchpapers, review articles, and book chapters and has made over 40 conference presentations, both nationaland international. He has also guided several MPhil and PhD students at AMU.Khalid Rehman Hakeem, PhD, is Professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where heis Head of the Plant Biotechnology Research Unit at Princess Dr. Najlaa Bint Saud Al Saud Center forDistinguished Research in Biotech. He is also a visiting professor at Daffodil International University,Bangladesh. He was formerly affiliated with the University of Kashmir, India; Universiti Putra Malaysia;Fatih Universiti, Turkey; as well as at Jinan University, China. Prof. Hakeem has more than 14 years ofteaching and research experience in plant eco-physiology, biotechnology and molecular biology, medicinalplant research, plant-microbe-soil interactions as well as in environmental studies. A prolific author andeditor, he has many research papers, book chapters, and edited book to his credit.

"An impressive collection of research and knowledge, focusing on the molecular approach to unraveling the complexities of the relationship between climate change and biotic factors. The contributors, experts in their respective fields, explore the fundamental molecular mechanisms that govern the responses of organisms to changing climatic conditions and the subsequent interactions with biotic stresses such as pests, diseases, and invasive species. By adopting a molecular lens, this book goes beyond traditional ecological approaches, delving into the intricate workings of genes, proteins, and signaling pathways that dictate the responses of organisms to climate change and biotic factors. It offers a comprehensive exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying organisms’ adaptation, resistance, and resilience in the face of shifting environmental condition."—From Foreword by R. L. Ravikumar, Emeritus Scientist, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India

• 1. Origin and Geographical Distribution of Fenugreek. 2. Role of Mineral Nutrients on Growth, Yield, and Active Constituents of Fenugreek. 3. Characterization of Bioactive Compounds (BACs) in Fenugreek. 4. Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield, and Active Constituents of Fenugreek. 5. Plant Growth Regulators and Their Effect on Fenugreek Growth. 6. Symbiotic Rhizobia, Nitrogen Fixation, and Fenugreek. 7. Fenugreek-Enabled Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Its Impact on Growth Factors. 8. Biotic Stress Alleviation in Fenugreek. 9. Salinity Stress Alleviation in Fenugreek. 10. Nanoparticles and Fenugreek. 11. OMICS and Fenugreek. 12. Influence of Depolymerized Sodium Alginate on Morpho-Physiological and Yield Parameters of Fenugreek. 13. Diseases Associated with Fenugreek.

Tariq Ahmad Dar, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, affiliated with ClusterUniversity, Srinagar, India. He has published his research in journals of international repute and haspresented his papers at national and international conferences. He is actively involved in enhancing thegrowth, yield, and active constituents of medicinal and aromatic plants using plant growth regulators likejasmonates, gibberellins, and depolymerized polysaccharides. Currently, Dr. Dar is focusing on the use ofmarine polysaccharides as plant growth regulators and increasing the yield of active constituents ofmedicinal plants.Bilal Ahmad, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Botany at Govt Degree College, KhanSahib, Budgam,affiliated with University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar, India. He has studied the influence of plant growthpromoters, radiation-processed polysaccharides, and nanoparticles on medicinal plants. He is the recipientof several awards. Dr. Ahmad has authored research publications in impact-factor international journals andedited books with international publishers.Moinuddin, PhD, is a Professor of Botany at Women’s College at Aligarh Muslim University, India. He hasbeen working on the effect on plant growth regulators, nanoparticles, and marine polysaccharides undernormal and water-stress conditions for more than 13 years at AMU. Dr. Moinuddin has over 100 researchpapers, review articles, and book chapters and has made over 40 conference presentations, both nationaland international. He has also guided several MPhil and PhD students at AMU.Khalid Rehman Hakeem, PhD, is Professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where heis Head of the Plant Biotechnology Research Unit at Princess Dr. Najlaa Bint Saud Al Saud Center forDistinguished Research in Biotech. He is also a visiting professor at Daffodil International University,Bangladesh. He was formerly affiliated with the University of Kashmir, India; Universiti Putra Malaysia;Fatih Universiti, Turkey; as well as at Jinan University, China. Prof. Hakeem has more than 14 years ofteaching and research experience in plant eco-physiology, biotechnology and molecular biology, medicinalplant research, plant-microbe-soil interactions as well as in environmental studies. A prolific author andeditor, he has many research papers, book chapters, and edited book to his credit.

"An impressive collection of research and knowledge, focusing on the molecular approach to unraveling the complexities of the relationship between climate change and biotic factors. The contributors, experts in their respective fields, explore the fundamental molecular mechanisms that govern the responses of organisms to changing climatic conditions and the subsequent interactions with biotic stresses such as pests, diseases, and invasive species. By adopting a molecular lens, this book goes beyond traditional ecological approaches, delving into the intricate workings of genes, proteins, and signaling pathways that dictate the responses of organisms to climate change and biotic factors. It offers a comprehensive exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying organisms’ adaptation, resistance, and resilience in the face of shifting environmental condition."—From Foreword by R. L. Ravikumar, Emeritus Scientist, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India

• 1. Origin and Geographical Distribution of Fenugreek. 2. Role of Mineral Nutrients on Growth, Yield, and Active Constituents of Fenugreek. 3. Characterization of Bioactive Compounds (BACs) in Fenugreek. 4. Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield, and Active Constituents of Fenugreek. 5. Plant Growth Regulators and Their Effect on Fenugreek Growth. 6. Symbiotic Rhizobia, Nitrogen Fixation, and Fenugreek. 7. Fenugreek-Enabled Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Its Impact on Growth Factors. 8. Biotic Stress Alleviation in Fenugreek. 9. Salinity Stress Alleviation in Fenugreek. 10. Nanoparticles and Fenugreek. 11. OMICS and Fenugreek. 12. Influence of Depolymerized Sodium Alginate on Morpho-Physiological and Yield Parameters of Fenugreek. 13. Diseases Associated with Fenugreek.

Tariq Ahmad Dar, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at Sri Pratap College, Srinagar, affiliated with ClusterUniversity, Srinagar, India. He has published his research in journals of international repute and haspresented his papers at national and international conferences. He is actively involved in enhancing thegrowth, yield, and active constituents of medicinal and aromatic plants using plant growth regulators likejasmonates, gibberellins, and depolymerized polysaccharides. Currently, Dr. Dar is focusing on the use ofmarine polysaccharides as plant growth regulators and increasing the yield of active constituents ofmedicinal plants.Bilal Ahmad, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Botany at Govt Degree College, KhanSahib, Budgam,affiliated with University of Kashmir Hazratbal, Srinagar, India. He has studied the influence of plant growthpromoters, radiation-processed polysaccharides, and nanoparticles on medicinal plants. He is the recipientof several awards. Dr. Ahmad has authored research publications in impact-factor international journals andedited books with international publishers.Moinuddin, PhD, is a Professor of Botany at Women’s College at Aligarh Muslim University, India. He hasbeen working on the effect on plant growth regulators, nanoparticles, and marine polysaccharides undernormal and water-stress conditions for more than 13 years at AMU. Dr. Moinuddin has over 100 researchpapers, review articles, and book chapters and has made over 40 conference presentations, both nationaland international. He has also guided several MPhil and PhD students at AMU.Khalid Rehman Hakeem, PhD, is Professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where heis Head of the Plant Biotechnology Research Unit at Princess Dr. Najlaa Bint Saud Al Saud Center forDistinguished Research in Biotech. He is also a visiting professor at Daffodil International University,Bangladesh. He was formerly affiliated with the University of Kashmir, India; Universiti Putra Malaysia;Fatih Universiti, Turkey; as well as at Jinan University, China. Prof. Hakeem has more than 14 years ofteaching and research experience in plant eco-physiology, biotechnology and molecular biology, medicinalplant research, plant-microbe-soil interactions as well as in environmental studies. A prolific author andeditor, he has many research papers, book chapters, and edited book to his credit.

"An impressive collection of research and knowledge, focusing on the molecular approach to unraveling the complexities of the relationship between climate change and biotic factors. The contributors, experts in their respective fields, explore the fundamental molecular mechanisms that govern the responses of organisms to changing climatic conditions and the subsequent interactions with biotic stresses such as pests, diseases, and invasive species. By adopting a molecular lens, this book goes beyond traditional ecological approaches, delving into the intricate workings of genes, proteins, and signaling pathways that dictate the responses of organisms to climate change and biotic factors. It offers a comprehensive exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying organisms’ adaptation, resistance, and resilience in the face of shifting environmental condition."—From Foreword by R. L. Ravikumar, Emeritus Scientist, Department of Plant Biotechnology, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India

• 1. Origin and Geographical Distribution of Fenugreek. 2. Role of Mineral Nutrients on Growth, Yield, and Active Constituents of Fenugreek. 3. Characterization of Bioactive Compounds (BACs) in Fenugreek. 4. Effects of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Yield, and Active Constituents of Fenugreek. 5. Plant Growth Regulators and Their Effect on Fenugreek Growth. 6. Symbiotic Rhizobia, Nitrogen Fixation, and Fenugreek. 7. Fenugreek-Enabled Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Its Impact on Growth Factors. 8. Biotic Stress Alleviation in Fenugreek. 9. Salinity Stress Alleviation in Fenugreek. 10. Nanoparticles and Fenugreek. 11. OMICS and Fenugreek. 12. Influence of Depolymerized Sodium Alginate on Morpho-Physiological and Yield Parameters of Fenugreek. 13. Diseases Associated with Fenugreek.