Bush Bound

Paolo Gaibazzi is a Social Anthropologist and a Research Fellow at the Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient (ZMO), Berlin. In addition to (im)mobility in the Gambia, he has published on West African post-slavery, Euro-African borders and West African Muslim traders in Angola.

“The book is an important piece of scholar- ship that demonstrates the continuing actuality and relevance of ‘bush ethnography,’… In the tradition of the best anthropological work, it complicates our understanding of migration, highlighting the concept of permanence to counter both the Gambian state’s rhetoric on youths’ dreams of migration and the discourses of invasion by European populists. Thanks to its balanced mixture of historical documentation, quantitative data, and qualitative ethnography, this book will appeal equally to readers in migration studies and specialists of the Mande area.” • African Studies Review“At a macro-micro level, this timely book exposes global transformations found in current globalist market economy and sheds light on the influences on these transformations as actualized at local level.” • Anthropology Book Forum“The book’s strength lies in its innovative approach to analysing mobility and permanence as mutually constituting parts, with a keen concern with interpersonal relationships…Overall, Gaibazzi’s analysis of the symbiotic relationship between permanence and migration advances our understanding of migration beyond the Marxist insights. In particular, his explanation of young men embrace of rural permanence in Sabi calls for a reconsideration of current discourses and representations of West Africa as a region constantly on the move.” • Anthropological Forum“… a readable, nuanced, and timely monograph, complemented by a glossary and by original photographs and maps. It responds to the under-theorization of emplacement in migration and transnationalism studies. It does so as a rich ethnography of rural permanence and global mobility, thus resisting, for the most part, over-theorizing on the subject.” • Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute“[Gaibazzi’s] research achieves a level of analytic clarity that should excite scholars of the contemporary realities of West Africa. With displaced peoples globally reaching numbers not seen since World War II, this contribution is both timely and critical.” • American Ethnologist“Bush Bound is a timely and important, but in ways counterintuitive, contribution to the scholarship on African migration to Europe and elsewhere… a compelling book that should be read by multiple audiences and not just those with an interest in Senegambia. Indeed, its greatest contribution is arguably the way it shifts the focus of the migration debate away from humanitarian platitudes to elucidating the complex, socially embedded (and historically deep) practices and ideas that fuel migration.” • Journal of Modern African Studies“A very interesting and significant study of young men in The Gambia illustrates the mutual dependence of those who migrate and those who 'sit' in the village and farm, arguing that both are valid forms of 'looking for money' in the modern world and that the village helps maintain social solidarity while inculcating values and skills that are as appropriate for migration as for village life.” • Anthropology Review Database“Bush Bound is, to my knowledge, the only scholarly monograph to examine so extensively the effects of mobility (and restricted mobility) on a migrant-sending community. As such, it offers a crucial complement and counter-weight to the many case studies of migrant communities in the social science literature.” • Bruce Whitehouse, Lehigh University“This is a very welcome, interesting, and original study … Rather than concentrating on the economic circuits of work and consumption or on the cultures of consumption — a frequent preoccupation in the research on young migrants — the emphasis is on young men’s selfhood, identity, subjectivity, and active social imaginaries.” • Ann Whitehead, University of Sussex“The chapters … convince the reader that sitting, or immobility, is part of the migration stories from Africa. The theoretical discussions in between the ethnography are interesting, as is his way of weaving in older ideas of anthropological thinkers.” • Mirjam de Bruijn, Leiden University

• List of IllustrationsAcknowledgementsNotes on TransliterationAbbreviationsIntroductionFrom Ploughing the Sea to Navigating the BushSoninke Migration and the Young Men Who Stay Put‘Sitting’: Creating and Inhabiting ImmobilityThe Onus of Rural PermanenceOn Bush-bound Ethnography    Overview of the BookA Brief Note on The GambiaChapter 1. Peasants by Other Means:(Im)mobility and the Making of a Village Mooring‘Sitting’ Sabi, Creating Movement, 1902 – ca.1945The Farmer-traderNew Routes and Roots in the Post-war PeriodParting Sedentary and Migrant Livelihoods: 1970s – PresentBush Troubles: the Decline of the Rural EconomyThe Rise of International Labour MigrationBarriers to International MigrationDiasporization, Transnationality and Urban HomesThe Traveller, the ‘Sitter’ and the Urban ‘Sitter’Chapter 2. Being-on-the-land: The Agri-culture of MigrationOf Bushmen and MoneymenEarning Calloused Hands: The Embodiment of Rural SufferingCultivating an Agrarian EthosFrom Bush to Travel-bushThe Alienation of the Farmer?Chapter 3. Looking for Money: Livelihood Trajectories in and out of MobilityThe Social Currency of MoneyLocating the Bounty: Routes and DestinationsTwo HustlersNavigating the Political EconomyStranded in Circulation: From Spurious Travel to ‘Sitting’Wind in the Sails: the Economy of SupportChapter 4. Just Sitting: The Spectre of Bare ImmobilityGhetto Youth: (Em)placing Male SociabilityStilled Bodies and Burdened HeadsThe Nerves SyndromeWaiting: The Stilled Time of SittingThe Virtue of Patience: Temporal Fixes to Spatial ProblemsChapter 5. Hesitant Patriarchs: Becoming a Household HeadThe KaBecoming a Kagume: Ascent to Power or Buck Passing?In a Meal Bowl: Ensuring Subsistence in an Extraverted Domestic EconomyAround a Meal Bowl: Creating Conviviality and Male AuthorityGoverning Change: Cooperation, Conflict and Translocality in Household FormationChapter 6. Civic Leaders? Reviving the Age Groups, Recapturing PermanenceThe SappanuYouth, in the Active VoiceThe Sabi Youth CommitteeQuiet Ceremonies: Legal Innovation and Socio-moral ReformsConclusion: PossibilitiesIf…Placing Immobility in MigrationTrailing onGlossaryBibliography