Geographical Indications

Edited by Michael Blakeney, Winthrop Professor of Law, UWA Law School, University of Western Australia

'Even as geographical indications allude to a number of different intellectual property instruments – and, of course, commercial and trading practices - they were only formally defined in the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. Controversial as these negotiations were and continue to remain, the divisions on GIs fail to easily collapse into the usual North–South divide and consequently raise many more interesting questions. And, these questions pertain to law and legal systems; but, also span matters concerning economics and marketing, indigenous peoples’ rights and cultural protection, fair trade and supply chains to name a few. The three volume collection edited by Michael Blakeney accomplishes the incredible task of attending to this array of concerns. Intelligently selecting key articles from law and the social sciences, in particular rural sociology and geography, whilst also including case studies and economic analysis, Geographical Indications assembles the best scholarship on GIs. Without doubt, the three volumes will be a must-have possession for anyone with an interest in the debates and controversies concerning GIs.'

• Contents:Volume IAcknowledgementsIntroduction Michael BlakeneyPART IGIs AS INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1. Warren Moran (1993), ‘The Wine Appellation as Territory in France and California’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83 (4), December, 694–7172. Norma Dawson (2000), ‘Locating Geographical Indications - Perspectives from English Law’, Trademark Reporter, 90, 590–6143. Stephen Stern (2007), ‘Are GIs IP?’, European Intellectual Property Review, 29 (2), February, 39–424. William van Caenegem (2003), ‘Registered Geographical Indications: Between Intellectual Property and Rural Policy—Part II’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, 6 (6), November, 861–745. Justin Hughes (2006), ‘Champagne, Feta, and Bourbon: The Spirited Debate About Geographical Indications’, Hastings Law Journal, 58, December, 299–3866. Erik W. Ibele (2009), ‘The Nature and Function of Geographical Indications in Law’, Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 10 (1), 36–49PART IIFUNCTIONS OF GIs A Rural Development7. Terry Marsden, Jo Banks and Gillian Bristow (2000), ‘Food Supply Chain Approaches: Exploring their Role in Rural Development’, Sociologia Ruralis, 40 (4), October, 424–388. Angela Tregear (2003), ‘From Stilton to Vimto: Using Food History to Re-think Typical Products in Rural Development’, Sociologia Ruralis, 43 (2), April, 91–1079. Angela Tregear, Filippo Arfini, Giovanni Belletti and Andrea Marescotti (2007), ‘Regional Foods and Rural Development: The Role of Product Qualification’, Journal of Rural Studies, 23 (1), January, 12–22 10. Giovanni Belletti and Andrea Marescotti (2011), ‘Origin Products, Geographical Indications and Rural Development’, in Elizabeth Barham and Bertil Sylvander (eds), Labels of Origin for Food, Local Development, Global Recognition, Chapter 6, Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 75–91B Certification of Product Quality11. Stuart Landon and C.E. Smith (1997), ‘The Use of Quality and Reputation Indicators by Consumers: The Case of Bordeaux Wine’, Journal of Consumer Policy, 20 (3), September, 289–32312. Ivo A. van der Lans, Koert van Ittersum, Antonella De Cicco and Margaret Loseby (2001), ‘The Role of the Region of Origin and EU Certificates of Origin in Consumer Evaluation of Food Products’, European Review of Agricultural Economics, 28 (4), December, 451–7713. Dimitris Skuras and Alexa Vakrou (2002), ‘Consumers’ Willingness to Pay for Origin Labelled Wine: A Greek Case Study’, British Food Journal, 104 (10/11), 898–91214. GianCarlo Moschini, Luisa Menapace and Daniel Pick (2008), ‘Geographical Indications and the Competitive Provision of Quality in Agricultural Markets’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 90 (3), August, 794–81215. Tilman Becker (2009), ‘European Food Quality Policy: The Importance of Geographical Indications, Organic Certification and Food Quality Assurance Schemes in European Countries’, Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 10 (1), 111–3016. Ramona Teuber (2011), ‘Consumers’ and Producers’ Expectations Towards Geographical Indications: Empirical Evidence for a German Case Study ’, British Food Journal, 113 (7), 900–1817. Antonio Stasi, Gianluca Nardone, Rosaria Viscecchia and Antonio Seccia (2011), ‘Italian Wine Demand and Differentiation Effect of Geographical Indications’, International Journal of Wine Business Research, 23 (1), 49–6118. Luisa Menapace and GianCarlo Moschini (2012), ‘Quality Certification by Geographical Indications, Trademarks and Firm Reputation’, European Review of Agricultural Economics, 39 (4), September, 539–66C Marketing Tool19. Phil Evans (2006), ‘Geographic Indications, Trade and the Functioning of Markets’, in Meir Perez Pugatch (ed.), The Intellectual Property Debate: Perspectives From Law, Economics and Political Economy, Chapter 17, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 345–6020. Daniele Giovannucci, Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O’Connor and May T. Yeung (2009), ‘Valuing GIs: Their Pros and Cons’ in Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and their Origins, Chapter 2, Geneva, Switzerland: International Trade Centre, 19–3821. Pierre R. Mérel (2009), ‘On The Deadweight Cost Of Production Requirements for Geographically Differentiated Agricultural Products’, American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 91 (3), August, 642–5522. Ramona Teuber (2010), ‘Geographical Indications of Origin as a Tool of Product Differentiation: The Case of Coffee’, Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 22 (3–4), 277–9823. Rungsaran Wongprawmas, Maurizio Canavari, Rainer Haas and Daniele Asioli (2012), ‘Gatekeepers’ Perceptions of Thai Geographical Indication Products in Europe’, Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 24 (3), 185–20024. Laurence Bérard and Philippe Marchenay (2006), ‘Local Products and Geographical Indications: Taking Account of Local Knowledge and Biodiversity’, International Social Science Journal, 58 (187), March, 109–16D Cultural Protection25. Tomer Broude (2005), ‘Taking “Trade and Culture” Seriously: Geographical Indications and Cultural Protection in WTO Law’, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, 26 (4), Winter, 623–92 26. Christine de Sainte Marie and Laurence Bérard (2005), ‘Taking Local Knowledge into Account in the AOC System’, in Laurence Bérard, Marie Cegarra, Marcel Djama, Sélim Louafi, Philippe Marchenay, Bernard Roussel and François Verdeaux (eds), Biodiversity and Local Ecological Knowledge in France, Paris, France: INRA, CIRAD, IDDRI, IFB, 181–827. Rhonda Chesmond (2007), ‘Protection or Privatisation of Culture? The Cultural Dimension of the International Intellectual Property Debate on Geographical Indications of Origin’, European Intellectual Property Review, 29 (9), September, 379–8828. Shivani Singhal (2008), ‘Geographical Indications and Traditional Knowledge’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 3 (11), November, 732–3829. Michael Blakeney (2009), ‘Protection of Traditional Knowledge by Geographical Indications’, International Journal of Intellectual Property Management, 3 (4), 357–7430. Teshager Dagne (2010), ‘Law and Policy on Intellectual Property, Traditional Knowledge and Development: Legally Protecting Creativity and Collective Rights in Traditional Knowledge Based Agricultural Products through Geographical Indications’, Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 11 (1), 68–11731. Alexandra Basak Russell (2010), ‘Using Geographical Indications to Protect Artisanal Works in Developing Countries: Lessons from a Banana Republic’s Misnomered Hat’, Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems, 19, Spring, 705–2832. Anselm Kamperman Sanders (2010), ‘Incentives for and Protection of Cultural Expression: Art, Trade and Geographical Indications’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, Special Issue: The Law and Economics of Geographical Indications, 13 (2), March, 81–9333. Susy Frankel (2011), The Mismatch of Geographical Indications and Innovative Traditional Knowledge’, Prometheus, 29 (3), September, 253–67PART IIIEVALUATING THE EFFECTS OF GIs 34. Cerkia Bramley, Estelle Biénabe and Johann Kirsten (2009), ‘The Economics of Geographical Indications: Towards a Conceptual Framework for Geographical Indication Research in Developing Countries’, in Economics of Intellectual Property, Chapter 4, Geneva, Switzerland: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), 109–4135. Marguerite Paus and Sophie Reviron (2011), ‘Evaluating the Effects of Protecting Geographical Indications: Scientific Context and Case Studies’, in Giovanni Belletti, Andrea Marescotti, Marguerite Paus, Sophie Reviron, Angela Deppeler, Hansueli Stamm and Erik Thévenod-Mottet (eds), The Effects of Protecting Geographical Indications: Ways and Means of their Evaluation, Bern, Switzerland: Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property, 11–3036. Thierry Coulet (2012), ‘Assessing the Economic Impact of GI Protection’ in Michael Blakeney, Thierry Coulet, Getachew Mengistie and Marcelin Tonye Mahop (eds.), Extending the Protection of Geographical Indications: Case Studies in the Protection of Agricultural Products in Africa, Chapter 5, London, UK: Earthscan, 101–19Volume IIAcknowledgementsAn introduction to all three volumes by the editor appears in Volume IPART ISUI GENERIS GI SYSTEMS A Historical Origins1. Alessandro Stanziani (2004), ‘Wine Reputation and Quality Controls: The Origin of the AOCs in 19th Century France’, European Journal of Law and Economics, 18 (2), September, 149–67 B European Systems2. Kevin H. Josel (1994), ‘New Wine in Old Bottles: The Protection of France’s Wine Classification System Beyond Its Borders’, Boston University International Law Journal, 12, 471–963. Bernard O’Connor and Irina Kireeva (2004), ‘Overview of the EC Case Law Protecting Geographical Indications: The Slicing of Parma Ham and the Grating of Grana Padano Cheese’, European Intellectual Property Review, 26 (7), July, 313–224. Lionel Bently and Brad Sherman (2006), ‘The Impact of European Geographical Indications on National Rights in Member States’, Trademark Reporter, 96, 850–9045. Annette Kur and Sam Cocks (2007), ‘Nothing but a GI Thing: Geographical Indications Under EU Law’, Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal, 17 (4), 999–10166. G.E. Evans (2010) ‘The Comparative Advantages of Geographical Indications and Community Trade Marks for the Marketing of Agricultural Products in the European Union’, International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 41 (6), 645–74 7. G.E. Evans (2012) ‘The Simplification of European Legislation for the Protection of Geographical Indications: The Proposed Regulation on Agricultural Product Quality Schemes’, European Intellectual Property Review, 34 (11), 770–86C Global Implications of the European System8. Elizabeth Barham (2003), ‘Translating Terroir: The Global Challenge of French AOC Labeling’, Journal of Rural Studies, 19 (1), January, 127–389. Stéphan Marette (2009), ‘Can Foreign Producers Benefit from Geographical Indications Under the New European Regulation?’, Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 10 (1), 65–76PART IIALTERNATIVES TO SUI GENERIS GIs PROTECTION A GIs and Trade Marks 10. Louis C. Lenzen (1968), ‘Bacchus in the Hinterlands: A Study of Denominations of Origin in French and American Wine-Labeling Laws’, Trademark Reporter, 58, 145–8711. Florent Gevers (1990), ‘Geographical Names and Signs Used as Trade Marks’, European Intellectual Property Review, 8, 285–9112. Michael Maher (2001), ‘On Vino Veritas? Clarifying the Use of Geographic References on American Wine Labels’, California Law Review, 89 (6), December, 1881–92513. Stephen Stern (2001), ‘The Overlap Between Geographical Indications and Trade Marks in Australia’, Melbourne Journal of International Law, 2 (1), June, 224–4114. Shyamkrishna Balganesh (2002), ‘Systems of Protection for Geographical Indications of Origin: A Review of the Indian Regulatory Framework’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, 6 (1), January, 191–20515. Robert Brauneis and Roger E. Schechter (2006), ‘Geographic Trademarks and the Protection of Competitor Communication’, Trademark Reporter, 96, 782–84916. Miranda Risang Ayu (2006), ‘How Does Australia Regulate the Use of Geographical Indication for Products Other than Wines and Spirits?’, Macquarie Journal of Business Law, 3, 1–2117. Irina Kireeva and Paolo R. Vergano (2006), ‘Geographical Indications and the Interface Between Trade Mark Protection and Sui Generis Protection: The Example of China, Thailand and Vietnam’, International Trade Law and Regulation, 12 (4), 97–10718. Dev Gangjee (2007), ‘Quibbling Siblings: Conflicts Between Trademarks and Geographical Indications’, Chicago-Kent Law Review, 82 (3), 1253–9119. Bradley M. Bashaw (2008), ‘Geographical Indications in China: Why Protect GIs with Both Trademark Law and AOC-Type Legislation?’, Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal, 17 (1), 73–10220. G.E. Evans (2013), ‘The Protection of Geographical Indications in the European Union and the United States Under Sui Generis and Trade Mark Systems: Signs of Harmonisation?’, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 1, 18–46BBilateral Agreements and Wine 21. David Vivas Eugui and Christoph Spennemann (2006), ‘The Treatment of Geographical Indications in Recent Regional and Bilateral Free Trade Agreements’, in Meir Perez Pugatch (ed.), The Intellectual Property Debate: Perspectives From Law, Economics and Political Economy, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 305–4422. Tim Josling (2006), ‘The War on Terroir: Geographical Indications as a Transatlantic Trade Conflict’, Journal of Agricultural Economics, 57 (3), September, 337–6323. Deborah J. Kemp and Lynn M. Forsythe (2006) ‘Trademarks and Geographical Indications: A Case of California Champagne’ Chapman Law Review, 10, 257–9824. Brian Rose (2007), ‘No More Whining about Geographical Indications: Assessing the 2005 Agreement Between the United States and the European Community on the Trade in Wine’, Houston Journal of International Law, 29 (3), 731–7025. Michael Blakeney (2012), ‘Geographical Indications and the International Trade in Australian Wines’, International Trade Law and Regulation, 18 (1), 70–8Volume III AcknowledgementsAn introduction to all three volumes by the editor appears in Volume IPART ITHE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION A TRIPS in the International GIs Landscape1. Paul J. Heald (1996), ‘Trademarks and Geographical Indications: Exploring the Contours of the TRIPS Agreement’, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 29, 635–602. Michael Blakeney (2001), ‘Proposals for the International Regulation of Geographical Indications’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, 4 (5), September, 629–523. Felix Addor and Alexandra Grazioli (2002), ‘Geographical Indications beyond Wines and Spirits: A Roadmap for a Better Protection for Geographical Indications in the WTO/TRIPS Agreement’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, 5 (6), November, 865–974. Arinolayemi A. Adegbonmire and L. Taylor Arnold (2004), ‘Origin, Prominence, Profit, and Consumer Confusion: An Analysis of the Global Debate on Geographical Indication Protection Systems’, Final pre-publication version later published in Wake Forest Intellectual Property Law Journal, 4 (2), 68–1035. José Manuel Cortés Martín (2004), ‘The WTO TRIPS Agreement: The Battle Between the Old and the New World over the Protection of Geographical Indications’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, 7 (3), May, 287–3266. Jacqueline Nanci Land (2004), ‘Global Intellectual Property Protection as Viewed through the European Community’s Treatment of Geographical Indications: What Lessons can TRIPS Learn?’, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law, 11, 1007–367. Michelle Agdomar (2008), ‘Removing the Greek from Feta and Adding Korbel to Champagne: The Paradox of Geographical Indications in International Law’, Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal, 18 (2), 541–6078. Antony Taubman (2008), ‘Thinking Locally, Acting Globally: How Trade Negotiations over Geographical Indications Improvise “Fair Trade” Rules’, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 3, 231–679. Irina Kireeva and Bernard O’Connor (2010), ‘Geographical Indications and the TRIPS Agreement: What Protection is Provided to Geographical Indications in WTO Members?’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, Special Issue: The Law and Economics of Geographical Indications, 13 (2), March, 275–303B TRIPS Revision10. Steven A. Bowers (2003), ‘Location, Location, Location: The Case Against Extending Geographical Indication Protection Under the TRIPS Agreement’, AIPLA Quarterly Journal, 31 (2), Spring, 129–6411. Aaron C. Lang (2006), ‘On the Need to Expand Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement’, Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law, 16 (2), Spring, 487–51012. G. E. Evans and Michael Blakeney (2006), ‘The Protection of Geographical Indications after Doha: Quo Vadis?’, Journal of International Economic Law, 9 (3), September, 575–61413. Irene Calboli (2006), ‘Expanding the Protection of Geographical Indications of Origin Under TRIPS: “Old” Debate or “New” Opportunity?’, Marquette Intellectual Property Law Review, 10 (2), 181–20314. Michel Vincent (2007), ‘Extending Protection at the WTO to Products Other Than Wines and Spirits: Who Will Benefit?’, Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 8 (1), 57–6815. Emily C. Creditt (2009), ‘Terroir vs. Trademarks: The Debate over Geographical Indications and Expansions to the TRIPS Agreement’, Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment and Technology Law, 11 (2), 425–5916. David Snyder (2008), ‘Enhanced Protections for Geographical Indications Under TRIPs: Potential Conflicts Under the U.S. Constitutional and Statutory Regimes’, Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal, 18 (5), 1297–32117. Ritika Banerjee and Mohar Majumdar (2011), ‘In the Mood to Compromise? Extended Protection of Geographical Indications Under TRIPS Article 23’, Journal of Intellectual Property Law and Practice, 6 (9), 657–63C The WTO GIs Dispute18. Michael Handler (2006), ‘The WTO Geographical Indications Dispute’, Modern Law Review, 69 (1), January, 70–8019. Lisa Bench Nieuwveld (2007), ‘Is This Really About What We Call Our Food or Something Else? The WTO Food Name Case Over the Protection of Geographical Indications’, International Lawyer, 41 (3), 891–922D Revival of the Lisbon Agreement20. Daniel J. Gervais (2010), ‘Reinventing Lisbon: The Case for a Protocol to the Lisbon Agreement (Geographical Indications)’, Chicago Journal of International Law, 11 (1), Summer, 67–126PART IIGIs AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES21. Sven Anders and Julie A. Caswell (2009), ‘The Benefits and Costs of Proliferation of Geographical Labeling for Developing Countries’ Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 10 (1), 77–9322. U. Grote (2009), ‘Environmental Labeling, Protected Geographical Indications and the Interests of Developing Countries’, Estey Centre Journal of International Law and Trade Policy, 10 (1), 94–11023. Bernard Roussel and François Verdeaux (2007), ‘Natural Patrimony and Local Communities in Ethiopia: Advantages and Limitations of a System of Geographical Indications’, Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Special Issue on Nature as Local Heritage in Africa, 77 (1), February, 130–5024. Mary O’Kicki (2009), ‘Lessons Learned from Ethiopia’s Trademarking and Licensing Initiative: Is the European Union’s Position on Geographical Indications Really Beneficial for Developing Nations?’, Loyola University Chicago International Law Review, 6 (2), 311–3725. Sarah Bowen (2010), ‘Development from Within? The Potential for Geographical Indications in the Global South’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, Special Issue on the Law and Economics of Geographical Indications, 13 (2), March, 231–5226. May T. Yeung and William A. Kerr (2011), ‘Are Geographical Indications a Wise Strategy for Developing Country Farmers? Greenfields, Clawbacks and Monopoly Rents’, Journal of World Intellectual Property, 14 (5), September, 353–6727. Cerkia Bramley and Estelle Bienabe (2012), ‘Developments and Considerations around Geographical Indications in the Developing World’, Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property, 2 (1), April, 14–37PART IIICASE STUDIES 28. Daniel W. Gade (2004), ‘Tradition, Territory, and Terroir in French Viniculture: Cassis, France, and Appellation Contrôlée’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94 (4), December, 848–67 29. Jeongwook Suh and Alan MacPherson (2007), ‘The Impact of Geographical Indication on the Revitalization of a Regional Economy: A Case Study of ‘Boseong’ Green Tea’, Area, 39 (4), December, 518–27 30. Daniele Giovannucci and Virginia Easton Smith (2009), ‘The Case of Kona Coffee, Hawaii’, in Daniele Giovannucci, Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O’Connor and May T. Yeung (eds), Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and Their Origins, Geneva, Switzerland: International Trade Centre, 177–82 31. Jakkrit Kuanpoth and Daniel Robinson (2009), ‘Protection of Geographical Indications: The Case of Jasmine Rice and Thailand’, Intellectual Property Quarterly, 6 (3), 288–30932. Koen Oosterom and Frédéric Dévé (2009), ‘The Case of Gobi Desert Camel Wool, Mongolia’, in Daniele Giovannucci, Tim Josling, William Kerr, Bernard O’Connor and May T. Yeung (eds), Guide to Geographical Indications: Linking Products and Their Origins, Geneva, Switzerland: International Trade Centre, 164–933. Kranti Mulik and John M. Crespi (2011), ‘Geographical Indications and the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (TRIPS): A Case Study of Basmati Rice Exports’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Industrial Organization, 9 (1), May, 1–1934. Farooq Ahmad Mir and Farutal Ain (2010), ‘Legal Protection of Geographical Indications in Jammu and Kashmir—A Case Study of Kashmiri Handicrafts’, Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, 15, May, 220–735. Sophie Réviron and Nadja El Benni (2012), ‘Morocco: Argan Oil’, in Michael Blakeney, Thierry Coulet, Getachew Mengistie and Marcelin Tonye Mahop (eds), Extending the Protection of Geographical Indications: Case Studies of Agricultural Products in Africa, Chapter 13, London, UK: Earthscan, 255–65Index