New Challenges for Knowledge

Renaud Fabre, Head of STI Department of the CNRS, France.

“Sharing economy models are rippling through the world of scientific knowledge and research; open access brings challenges for developers, researchers, and policy makers – all treated here in the context of law-making” The Magpi, issue 60, Aug 2017

• Introduction . xiiiPart 1. Production: Global Knowledge and Science in the Digital Era  1Chapter 1. Current Knowledge Dynamics 31.1. Transparency of scientific data 41.2. Transparency of experimental protocol  61.3. A necessary form of research engineering 71.4. Confusion between data and scientific results: avoiding manipulation of research results 8Chapter 2. Digital Conditions for Knowledge Production  112.1. An economic system oriented toward innovation  112.2. What of knowledge and indeed the concept of the commons? 132.3. From analog to digital 142.4. User–producer: civil society enters the knowledge production system  162.5. The interactions between the various spheres of knowledge production 182.6. Collaboration between society and knowledge: producing authorities should be put into perspective 20Chapter 3. The Dual Relationship between the User and the Developer 233.1. Legal arrangements for knowledge-sharing using development platforms 233.2. The user contributes to the creation and development of content process 25Chapter 4. Researchers’ Uses and Needs for Scientific and Technical Information  294.1. The CNRS survey 294.2. Diverse uses and dual needs 314.3. An explanation through differentiated scientific analysis  33Chapter 5. New Tools for Knowledge Capture  375.1. The growth of metadata exploitation  375.2. Are we moving toward a semantic Web? 385.3. Tools and limits for metadata processing 395.4. The challenges of the semantic Web  40Chapter 6. Modes of Knowledge Sharing and Technologies  436.1. Data storage technologies and access allowing knowledge sharing 436.2. Exchange platforms and catalogs  446.3. Knowledge-processing and digital editions  45Part 2. Sharing Mechanisms: Knowledge Sharing and the Knowledge-based Economy 47Chapter 7. Business Model for Scientific Publication 497.1. The current economic model is changing so as to adapt to new conditions for knowledge sharing  497.2. Creation of a new model 517.3. The issues raised by the creation of a new economic model  527.4. A new economic model struggling to fine its niche 54Chapter 8. Actor Strategy: International Scientific Publishing, Services with High Added Value and Research Communities 578.1. Publishing, editing and existing: live issues within the publication of Scientific and Technical Information (STI) 588.2. Who is subject to it? The other players in scientific publishing  598.3. The characteristics of SMS (Science of Man and Society)  608.4. Existing without publishing? New STI directions  628.5. Alternatives to scientific publishing  63Chapter 9. New Approaches to Scientific Production 679.1. New means of access to scientific production: innovative models  679.2. Two main objectives: accelerating knowledge sharing and promoting scientific collaboration 719.3. The need for new analytical tools and the risk of reprivatization of scientific knowledge. 729.4. The absence of the usage doctrine and the risk of reprivatization of science: the case of social networks  74Chapter 10. The Geopolitics of Science 7710.1. National convergent research models 7810.2. Science is a source of international cooperation  8110.3. International scientific cooperation is accelerating 84Chapter 11. Copyright Serving the Market 85Part 3. Enhancement Knowledge Rights and Public Policies in the Wake of Digital Technology 89Chapter 12. Legal Protection of Scientific Research Results in the Humanities and Social Sciences  9112.1.Different legal protections for different kinds of science 9112.2. Why protect? 9212.3. How to protect  9312.4. Protect against whom? 9812.5. Changing the challenges of Internet protection 9912.6. Legal obstacles related to the author’s right 100Chapter 13. Development of Knowledge and Public Policies 10313.1. Knowledge enhancement concerns everyone  10413.2. What are the public policies for enhancing knowledge?  10513.3. State establishment of connections between actors: a key tool in knowledge enhancement  10713.4. Comparing the United States and the European Union  109Chapter 14. From Author to Enhancer  11114.1. Enhancing scientific research is a complex process  11214.2. Scientific research enhancement follows a legislative framework intended to promote innovation  114Chapter 15. The Right to Knowledge: Moving Toward a Universal Law? 11715.1. Unclear regulatory frameworks  11815.2. Developing legal frameworks related to the Internet is complicated 12115.3. Proposals for developing legal frameworks for the Internet  123Chapter 16. Governing by Algorithm 12716.1. Statistics that foreshadow algorithms 12816.2. Algorithmic governance and democratic opportunities  130Chapter 17. Public Data and Science in e-Government  13317.1. Disseminating data and disseminating science: a new requirement 13417.2. Public data in the e-government  13717.3. Science within e-government 139Chapter 18. Surveillance, Sousveillance, Improper Capturing 14118.1. The traditional legal framework for information capture 14218.2. The clear need for a specific law 145Chapter 19. Public Knowledge Policies in the Digital Age  14919.1. GAFA domination and the oligopolization of the market 15019.2. Isolated digital ecosystems 15219.3. Regulation through competition law 15319.4. Data protection: moving toward a law for the digital community 154Chapter 20. The Politics of Creating Artificial Intelligence  15720.1. History 15820.2. Artificial intelligence has become a priority for public and private actors  16020.4. The appearance of legal problems 162Chapter 21. Security Policies in Artificial Intelligence 16521.1. Security as a comment on machines and data  16621.2. From the security of machines to the security of humans 169Conclusion 175Postscript  177Glossary  179Bibliography  185Index 201