Jean-Claude André, CNRS, France.

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xiPreface xvIntroduction xxixPart 1 Incremental Innovations and Technologies Pushed to their Limits 1Chapter 1 Incremental Developments of Processes, Machines and Materials 31.1 Introduction 51.2 Undertaking non-layered stereolithography 81.2.1 Optimizing the light supply within a single-photon process 111.2.2 Transparent window 121.2.3 Gaseous interface 121.2.4 Simultaneous two-photon absorption 161.3 Challenging the notion of layers 261.3.1 Addition of prefabricated structures 261.3.2 Proof of concept 331.3.3 Synthesis 341.4 Optical-quality surface finish 351.4.1 Glasses lenses and contact lenses 361.4.2 Microlenses 361.4.3 Direct lens manufacture 371.4.4 Multi-mode optical fiber 391.5 Cold-cast metal 3D printing 401.5.1 Electrolytic deposition 401.5.2 Metallic ink 431.5.3 Laser processes 431.5.4 Photochemistry 451.5.5 Silver metal 461.5.6 Conducting polymers 491.6 Colored objects 511.7 Conclusion 541.8 Bibliography 56Part 2 Additive Manufacturing Pushed to its Limits 71Introduction to Part 2 73Chapter 2 µ-Fluidics (or Microfluidics) 812.1 Introduction 812.2 Review of microfluidics 822.3 Applications 862.4 Return to additive manufacturing 892.4.1 Comment 1: LIFT process (Laser-Induced Forward Transfer) 912.4.2 Comment 2: FEBID process (Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition) 922.4.3 Other methods 932.4.4 Hybrid methods 992.5 Conclusive outcomes 1002.6 The converse problem: a potential µ-fluidics application to additive manufacturing 1012.6.1 3D sintering 1012.6.2 Deposition of polymerized particles 1012.7 Provisional concept 1102.8 Conclusion 1112.9 Bibliography 112Chapter 3 3D Nanomanufacturing, 3D µ-Electronics and µ-Robotics 1213.1 Introduction 1223.2 3D nano-facturing 1253.2.1 Smart material: so-called “DNA origami” 1253.2.2 Return from additive manufacturing to standard methods 1313.2.3 Comment: nanomaterials and additive manufacturing 1363.2.4 Conclusion 1373.3 3D µ-electronics 1403.3.1 2D or 3D electronic circuits 1403.3.2 Subtractive/additive coupling 1463.3.3 µ-Electronics 1473.3.4 Conclusion and aspirations in the sphere 1483.4 Actuators and µ-robots 1483.5 Conclusion 1503.6 Bibliography 151Part 3 How Should We Go That One Step Further? 163Chapter 4 A Short Reflection on Spheres to Explore Their Conditions for Achieving Success 1654.1 Introduction 1674.2 Favored spheres of innovation 1744.2.1 How to know where we must anticipate this technology? 1744.2.2 Opportunities 1794.3 Some conditions to ensure additive manufacturing reaches maturity? 1834.3.1 Moreover where does additive manufacturing sit within this interdisciplinarity framework? 1864.3.2 Observations 1914.3.3 Some possible solutions? 1984.3.4 Proposed solutions? 2004.4 A positive conclusion 2024.5 Bibliography 203Chapter 5 Questions of Hope and “Unhope” 2135.1 Introduction 2145.2 The “lab-tribe”(LT) approach 2165.2.1 Context elements 2185.2.2 Some results 2205.2.3 “Scientific excellence” 2275.2.4 Financing and the orientation of research 2295.2.5 Prospective opportunities for the research unit 2305.2.6 Collective projects? Risky projects? 2335.3 Creativity’s place in research 2375.3.1 Support to creativity? 2385.3.2 But all the same, strong brakes on creativity… 2405.3.3 What to do? 2415.4 Innovation, a consequence of creativity 2435.4.1 Academic system 2475.4.2 Between productions resulting from science and responsible conscience 2505.4.3 Engagement toward a future focused on innovation? 2515.4.4 Caught between two chairs? Between more than two chairs? 2525.4.5 Innovation as scientific production: is it born of freedom? What freedom? 2545.5 What solutions to evoke for additive manufacturing? 2575.5.1 General framing 2575.5.2 And if the history of additive manufacturing in France were examined in light of these comments? 2645.5.3 A bit of creativity? 2755.6 In the form of a conclusion: a summary of the author’s point of view 2795.7 Bibliography 282Conclusion 297Index 301

Jean-Claude André, CNRS, France.

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xiPreface xvIntroduction xxixPart 1 Incremental Innovations and Technologies Pushed to their Limits 1Chapter 1 Incremental Developments of Processes, Machines and Materials 31.1 Introduction 51.2 Undertaking non-layered stereolithography 81.2.1 Optimizing the light supply within a single-photon process 111.2.2 Transparent window 121.2.3 Gaseous interface 121.2.4 Simultaneous two-photon absorption 161.3 Challenging the notion of layers 261.3.1 Addition of prefabricated structures 261.3.2 Proof of concept 331.3.3 Synthesis 341.4 Optical-quality surface finish 351.4.1 Glasses lenses and contact lenses 361.4.2 Microlenses 361.4.3 Direct lens manufacture 371.4.4 Multi-mode optical fiber 391.5 Cold-cast metal 3D printing 401.5.1 Electrolytic deposition 401.5.2 Metallic ink 431.5.3 Laser processes 431.5.4 Photochemistry 451.5.5 Silver metal 461.5.6 Conducting polymers 491.6 Colored objects 511.7 Conclusion 541.8 Bibliography 56Part 2 Additive Manufacturing Pushed to its Limits 71Introduction to Part 2 73Chapter 2 µ-Fluidics (or Microfluidics) 812.1 Introduction 812.2 Review of microfluidics 822.3 Applications 862.4 Return to additive manufacturing 892.4.1 Comment 1: LIFT process (Laser-Induced Forward Transfer) 912.4.2 Comment 2: FEBID process (Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition) 922.4.3 Other methods 932.4.4 Hybrid methods 992.5 Conclusive outcomes 1002.6 The converse problem: a potential µ-fluidics application to additive manufacturing 1012.6.1 3D sintering 1012.6.2 Deposition of polymerized particles 1012.7 Provisional concept 1102.8 Conclusion 1112.9 Bibliography 112Chapter 3 3D Nanomanufacturing, 3D µ-Electronics and µ-Robotics 1213.1 Introduction 1223.2 3D nano-facturing 1253.2.1 Smart material: so-called “DNA origami” 1253.2.2 Return from additive manufacturing to standard methods 1313.2.3 Comment: nanomaterials and additive manufacturing 1363.2.4 Conclusion 1373.3 3D µ-electronics 1403.3.1 2D or 3D electronic circuits 1403.3.2 Subtractive/additive coupling 1463.3.3 µ-Electronics 1473.3.4 Conclusion and aspirations in the sphere 1483.4 Actuators and µ-robots 1483.5 Conclusion 1503.6 Bibliography 151Part 3 How Should We Go That One Step Further? 163Chapter 4 A Short Reflection on Spheres to Explore Their Conditions for Achieving Success 1654.1 Introduction 1674.2 Favored spheres of innovation 1744.2.1 How to know where we must anticipate this technology? 1744.2.2 Opportunities 1794.3 Some conditions to ensure additive manufacturing reaches maturity? 1834.3.1 Moreover where does additive manufacturing sit within this interdisciplinarity framework? 1864.3.2 Observations 1914.3.3 Some possible solutions? 1984.3.4 Proposed solutions? 2004.4 A positive conclusion 2024.5 Bibliography 203Chapter 5 Questions of Hope and “Unhope” 2135.1 Introduction 2145.2 The “lab-tribe”(LT) approach 2165.2.1 Context elements 2185.2.2 Some results 2205.2.3 “Scientific excellence” 2275.2.4 Financing and the orientation of research 2295.2.5 Prospective opportunities for the research unit 2305.2.6 Collective projects? Risky projects? 2335.3 Creativity’s place in research 2375.3.1 Support to creativity? 2385.3.2 But all the same, strong brakes on creativity… 2405.3.3 What to do? 2415.4 Innovation, a consequence of creativity 2435.4.1 Academic system 2475.4.2 Between productions resulting from science and responsible conscience 2505.4.3 Engagement toward a future focused on innovation? 2515.4.4 Caught between two chairs? Between more than two chairs? 2525.4.5 Innovation as scientific production: is it born of freedom? What freedom? 2545.5 What solutions to evoke for additive manufacturing? 2575.5.1 General framing 2575.5.2 And if the history of additive manufacturing in France were examined in light of these comments? 2645.5.3 A bit of creativity? 2755.6 In the form of a conclusion: a summary of the author’s point of view 2795.7 Bibliography 282Conclusion 297Index 301

Jean-Claude André, CNRS, France.

• Acknowledgments ixForeword xiPreface xvIntroduction xxixPart 1 Incremental Innovations and Technologies Pushed to their Limits 1Chapter 1 Incremental Developments of Processes, Machines and Materials 31.1 Introduction 51.2 Undertaking non-layered stereolithography 81.2.1 Optimizing the light supply within a single-photon process 111.2.2 Transparent window 121.2.3 Gaseous interface 121.2.4 Simultaneous two-photon absorption 161.3 Challenging the notion of layers 261.3.1 Addition of prefabricated structures 261.3.2 Proof of concept 331.3.3 Synthesis 341.4 Optical-quality surface finish 351.4.1 Glasses lenses and contact lenses 361.4.2 Microlenses 361.4.3 Direct lens manufacture 371.4.4 Multi-mode optical fiber 391.5 Cold-cast metal 3D printing 401.5.1 Electrolytic deposition 401.5.2 Metallic ink 431.5.3 Laser processes 431.5.4 Photochemistry 451.5.5 Silver metal 461.5.6 Conducting polymers 491.6 Colored objects 511.7 Conclusion 541.8 Bibliography 56Part 2 Additive Manufacturing Pushed to its Limits 71Introduction to Part 2 73Chapter 2 µ-Fluidics (or Microfluidics) 812.1 Introduction 812.2 Review of microfluidics 822.3 Applications 862.4 Return to additive manufacturing 892.4.1 Comment 1: LIFT process (Laser-Induced Forward Transfer) 912.4.2 Comment 2: FEBID process (Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition) 922.4.3 Other methods 932.4.4 Hybrid methods 992.5 Conclusive outcomes 1002.6 The converse problem: a potential µ-fluidics application to additive manufacturing 1012.6.1 3D sintering 1012.6.2 Deposition of polymerized particles 1012.7 Provisional concept 1102.8 Conclusion 1112.9 Bibliography 112Chapter 3 3D Nanomanufacturing, 3D µ-Electronics and µ-Robotics 1213.1 Introduction 1223.2 3D nano-facturing 1253.2.1 Smart material: so-called “DNA origami” 1253.2.2 Return from additive manufacturing to standard methods 1313.2.3 Comment: nanomaterials and additive manufacturing 1363.2.4 Conclusion 1373.3 3D µ-electronics 1403.3.1 2D or 3D electronic circuits 1403.3.2 Subtractive/additive coupling 1463.3.3 µ-Electronics 1473.3.4 Conclusion and aspirations in the sphere 1483.4 Actuators and µ-robots 1483.5 Conclusion 1503.6 Bibliography 151Part 3 How Should We Go That One Step Further? 163Chapter 4 A Short Reflection on Spheres to Explore Their Conditions for Achieving Success 1654.1 Introduction 1674.2 Favored spheres of innovation 1744.2.1 How to know where we must anticipate this technology? 1744.2.2 Opportunities 1794.3 Some conditions to ensure additive manufacturing reaches maturity? 1834.3.1 Moreover where does additive manufacturing sit within this interdisciplinarity framework? 1864.3.2 Observations 1914.3.3 Some possible solutions? 1984.3.4 Proposed solutions? 2004.4 A positive conclusion 2024.5 Bibliography 203Chapter 5 Questions of Hope and “Unhope” 2135.1 Introduction 2145.2 The “lab-tribe”(LT) approach 2165.2.1 Context elements 2185.2.2 Some results 2205.2.3 “Scientific excellence” 2275.2.4 Financing and the orientation of research 2295.2.5 Prospective opportunities for the research unit 2305.2.6 Collective projects? Risky projects? 2335.3 Creativity’s place in research 2375.3.1 Support to creativity? 2385.3.2 But all the same, strong brakes on creativity… 2405.3.3 What to do? 2415.4 Innovation, a consequence of creativity 2435.4.1 Academic system 2475.4.2 Between productions resulting from science and responsible conscience 2505.4.3 Engagement toward a future focused on innovation? 2515.4.4 Caught between two chairs? Between more than two chairs? 2525.4.5 Innovation as scientific production: is it born of freedom? What freedom? 2545.5 What solutions to evoke for additive manufacturing? 2575.5.1 General framing 2575.5.2 And if the history of additive manufacturing in France were examined in light of these comments? 2645.5.3 A bit of creativity? 2755.6 In the form of a conclusion: a summary of the author’s point of view 2795.7 Bibliography 282Conclusion 297Index 301