Walid Besbes is an Assistant Professor at the College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He is also a member of LOGIQ, University of Sfax, Tunisia.Diala Dhouib is a Professor in Quantitative Methods at the University of Sfax, Tunisia and Director of the Research Unit LOGIQ. She has initiated several research projects with economic agents and public organizations.iaz Wassan is a Reader in Management Science at the University of Kent, UK. He is a founding member of the CLHO, University of Kent. His other professional memberships include CILT, CIPS and the OR Society, UK.Emna Marrekchi is a Doctor in Operations Research and Decision Aid at the faculty of Management and Economics, University of Sfax, Tunisia.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xvChapter 1. An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Heuristic for the Green Dial-a-Ride Problem 1Mohamed Amine MASMOUDI, Manar HOSNY and Emrah DEMIR1.1. Introduction 11.2. Literature review 31.2.1. The Dial-a-Ride Problem 41.2.2. The green vehicle routing problem 51.3. Problem definition 51.4. An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search for the G-DARP 101.4.1. Adaptive weight adjustment procedure 111.4.2. Removal and insertion operators 121.4.3. Local search operators 121.5. Computational experiments 131.5.1. Data and experimental setting 131.5.2. Parameters setting 141.5.3. Computational analysis 161.6. Conclusion 231.7. References 23Chapter 2. Role of Green Technology Vehicles in Road Transportation Emissions – Case of the UK 27Niaz WASSAN, Angus FURNEAUX and Said SALHI2.1. Introduction 272.2. Alternative Fuel-Powered vehicles market 292.3. Electric vehicles – options and features 302.3.1. Battery relevance 362.3.2. Charging implications 402.3.3. Relevance of regenerative braking technology 442.3.4. Emissions 442.4. UK transport emissions and the impact of BEVs 472.5. Cost implications 552.6. Conclusion 562.7. References 57Chapter 3. Transport Pooling: Moving Toward Green Distribution 63Alaeddine ZOUARI3.1. Introduction 633.2. Concepts of collaborative logistics 653.2.1. Definitions and issues 653.2.2. Forms of logistical collaboration 663.3. Pooling of physical flows between organizations 683.4. Literature review 693.4.1. Choice of articles 693.4.2. Analysis and discussion of the results 723.5. Proposal of pooling scenarios for the urban distribution of goods 753.6. Comparison of scenarios 813.6.1. Distances traveled 813.6.2. Greenhouse gas emissions 833.6.3. Distribution cost 843.6.4. Delivery time 853.6.5. Best scenario 863.7. Proposal for a shared long-distance distribution model 873.8. Conclusion 903.9. References 90Chapter 4. A Ruin and Recreate Solution Method for a Lexicographic Vehicle Routing Problem Integrating Park-and-Loop and Car Sharing 97Olivier GALLAY and Nicolas ZUFFEREY4.1. Introduction 974.2. Literature review 994.3. Considered problem 1014.4. Lexicographic approach 1034.5. Solution method 1044.6. Results 1074.6.1. Walking 1084.6.2. Electric kick scooter 1114.7. Conclusion and future work 1124.8. References 113Chapter 5. An Overview of the Recent Solution Approaches in the Green Vehicle Routing Problem 115Emna MARREKCHI, Walid BESBES and Diala DHOUIB5.1. Introduction 1155.2. Chronological progress of the literature on the GVRP 1165.2.1. The Green-VRP 1165.2.2. The Pollution-Routing Problem 1195.3. Solution methodologies for the GVRP 1205.3.1. Exact methods 1205.3.2. Metaheuristics 1235.3.3. Heuristics 1285.4. Conclusion 1295.5. References 130Chapter 6. Multi-Criteria Decision Aid for Green Modes of Crude Oil Transportation Using MACBETH: The Sfax Region Case 135Nouha HAMMAMI, Mohamed Haykal AMMAR and Diala DHOUIB6.1. Introduction 1356.2. State-of-the-art 1376.2.1. Hazardous materials transportation integrated location and routing problem 1376.2.2. Hazardous materials transportation risk assessment problem 1386.2.3. Hazardous materials transportation network design problem 1396.3. Real case: choice of crude oil transportation modal from the Sfax region to the Skhira port 1426.3.1. Identification of the problem 1436.3.2. Method for Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical-Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH) 1436.3.3. Research methodology: MACBETH application 1446.3.4. Results and discussions 1506.4. Conclusion 1576.5. References 158Chapter 7. Green Reverse Logistics: Case of the Vehicle Routing Problem with Delivery and Collection Demands 161Naveed WASSAN, Niaz WASSAN, Lina SIMEONOVA and Walid BESBES7.1. Introduction and significance 1617.2. The Vehicle Routing Problem and its variants 1647.2.1. The evolution of the Vehicle Routing Problem 1647.2.2. The Vehicle Routing Problem 1647.2.3. VRP variants. 1647.3. The VRP with delivery and collection demand models 1667.3.1. The VRP with Mixed Deliveries and Pickups 1667.3.2. The VRP with Simultaneous Deliveries and Pickups 1667.3.3. The VRP with Backhauls 1677.3.4. The Multiple-Trip Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls 1687.4. Studies in VRPB-related areas. 1697.4.1. Significance of the VRP models with delivery and collection demands 1707.4.2. Ecological relevance of the VRP models 1717.4.3. Computation of freight transport greenhouse gas emissions 1727.4.4. Vehicle routing models directly focused on green transportation 1747.4.5. Green VRP models 1757.4.6. Electric vehicles modeling 1767.5. Conclusion 1777.6. References 178Chapter 8. An Improved DTC Induction Motor for Electric Vehicle Propulsion: An Intention to Provide a Comfortable Ride 185Fatma BEN SALEM and Moez FEKI8.1. Introduction 1858.2. Several components of EV motor drive 1878.3. An overview of induction motor control strategies 1888.4. DTC strategies 1898.4.1. Conventional DTC fundamentals 1898.4.2. An improvement of DTC strategy: fixed torque switching frequency 1938.5. Comparative study based on simulation results 1958.5.1. Steady-state and transient behavior analysis 1958.5.2. Performance criteria 1978.5.3. Discussion 1988.6. Conclusion 1998.7. References 199Chapter 9. Optimization in Multilevel Green Transportation Problems with Electrical Vehicles 203Marcos R. LEITE, Heder S. BERNANDINO, Luciana B. GONÇALVES and Stênio SOARES9.1. Introduction 2039.2. Transportation problems with electric vehicles 2069.2.1. Multilevel formulations 2079.2.2. Summary review of the literature 2099.3. Search techniques 2119.3.1. Exact optimization techniques 2129.3.2. Genetic algorithms 2139.3.3. Imperialism competitive algorithm 2149.3.4. Particle Swarm Optimization 2169.3.5. Simulated annealing 2179.3.6. Neighborhood search 2189.3.7. Summary review of the literature 2199.4. Tendencies and challenges 2239.5. Concluding remarks 2259.6. References 226List of Authors 229Index 231

Walid Besbes is an Assistant Professor at the College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He is also a member of LOGIQ, University of Sfax, Tunisia.Diala Dhouib is a Professor in Quantitative Methods at the University of Sfax, Tunisia and Director of the Research Unit LOGIQ. She has initiated several research projects with economic agents and public organizations.iaz Wassan is a Reader in Management Science at the University of Kent, UK. He is a founding member of the CLHO, University of Kent. His other professional memberships include CILT, CIPS and the OR Society, UK.Emna Marrekchi is a Doctor in Operations Research and Decision Aid at the faculty of Management and Economics, University of Sfax, Tunisia.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xvChapter 1. An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Heuristic for the Green Dial-a-Ride Problem 1Mohamed Amine MASMOUDI, Manar HOSNY and Emrah DEMIR1.1. Introduction 11.2. Literature review 31.2.1. The Dial-a-Ride Problem 41.2.2. The green vehicle routing problem 51.3. Problem definition 51.4. An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search for the G-DARP 101.4.1. Adaptive weight adjustment procedure 111.4.2. Removal and insertion operators 121.4.3. Local search operators 121.5. Computational experiments 131.5.1. Data and experimental setting 131.5.2. Parameters setting 141.5.3. Computational analysis 161.6. Conclusion 231.7. References 23Chapter 2. Role of Green Technology Vehicles in Road Transportation Emissions – Case of the UK 27Niaz WASSAN, Angus FURNEAUX and Said SALHI2.1. Introduction 272.2. Alternative Fuel-Powered vehicles market 292.3. Electric vehicles – options and features 302.3.1. Battery relevance 362.3.2. Charging implications 402.3.3. Relevance of regenerative braking technology 442.3.4. Emissions 442.4. UK transport emissions and the impact of BEVs 472.5. Cost implications 552.6. Conclusion 562.7. References 57Chapter 3. Transport Pooling: Moving Toward Green Distribution 63Alaeddine ZOUARI3.1. Introduction 633.2. Concepts of collaborative logistics 653.2.1. Definitions and issues 653.2.2. Forms of logistical collaboration 663.3. Pooling of physical flows between organizations 683.4. Literature review 693.4.1. Choice of articles 693.4.2. Analysis and discussion of the results 723.5. Proposal of pooling scenarios for the urban distribution of goods 753.6. Comparison of scenarios 813.6.1. Distances traveled 813.6.2. Greenhouse gas emissions 833.6.3. Distribution cost 843.6.4. Delivery time 853.6.5. Best scenario 863.7. Proposal for a shared long-distance distribution model 873.8. Conclusion 903.9. References 90Chapter 4. A Ruin and Recreate Solution Method for a Lexicographic Vehicle Routing Problem Integrating Park-and-Loop and Car Sharing 97Olivier GALLAY and Nicolas ZUFFEREY4.1. Introduction 974.2. Literature review 994.3. Considered problem 1014.4. Lexicographic approach 1034.5. Solution method 1044.6. Results 1074.6.1. Walking 1084.6.2. Electric kick scooter 1114.7. Conclusion and future work 1124.8. References 113Chapter 5. An Overview of the Recent Solution Approaches in the Green Vehicle Routing Problem 115Emna MARREKCHI, Walid BESBES and Diala DHOUIB5.1. Introduction 1155.2. Chronological progress of the literature on the GVRP 1165.2.1. The Green-VRP 1165.2.2. The Pollution-Routing Problem 1195.3. Solution methodologies for the GVRP 1205.3.1. Exact methods 1205.3.2. Metaheuristics 1235.3.3. Heuristics 1285.4. Conclusion 1295.5. References 130Chapter 6. Multi-Criteria Decision Aid for Green Modes of Crude Oil Transportation Using MACBETH: The Sfax Region Case 135Nouha HAMMAMI, Mohamed Haykal AMMAR and Diala DHOUIB6.1. Introduction 1356.2. State-of-the-art 1376.2.1. Hazardous materials transportation integrated location and routing problem 1376.2.2. Hazardous materials transportation risk assessment problem 1386.2.3. Hazardous materials transportation network design problem 1396.3. Real case: choice of crude oil transportation modal from the Sfax region to the Skhira port 1426.3.1. Identification of the problem 1436.3.2. Method for Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical-Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH) 1436.3.3. Research methodology: MACBETH application 1446.3.4. Results and discussions 1506.4. Conclusion 1576.5. References 158Chapter 7. Green Reverse Logistics: Case of the Vehicle Routing Problem with Delivery and Collection Demands 161Naveed WASSAN, Niaz WASSAN, Lina SIMEONOVA and Walid BESBES7.1. Introduction and significance 1617.2. The Vehicle Routing Problem and its variants 1647.2.1. The evolution of the Vehicle Routing Problem 1647.2.2. The Vehicle Routing Problem 1647.2.3. VRP variants. 1647.3. The VRP with delivery and collection demand models 1667.3.1. The VRP with Mixed Deliveries and Pickups 1667.3.2. The VRP with Simultaneous Deliveries and Pickups 1667.3.3. The VRP with Backhauls 1677.3.4. The Multiple-Trip Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls 1687.4. Studies in VRPB-related areas. 1697.4.1. Significance of the VRP models with delivery and collection demands 1707.4.2. Ecological relevance of the VRP models 1717.4.3. Computation of freight transport greenhouse gas emissions 1727.4.4. Vehicle routing models directly focused on green transportation 1747.4.5. Green VRP models 1757.4.6. Electric vehicles modeling 1767.5. Conclusion 1777.6. References 178Chapter 8. An Improved DTC Induction Motor for Electric Vehicle Propulsion: An Intention to Provide a Comfortable Ride 185Fatma BEN SALEM and Moez FEKI8.1. Introduction 1858.2. Several components of EV motor drive 1878.3. An overview of induction motor control strategies 1888.4. DTC strategies 1898.4.1. Conventional DTC fundamentals 1898.4.2. An improvement of DTC strategy: fixed torque switching frequency 1938.5. Comparative study based on simulation results 1958.5.1. Steady-state and transient behavior analysis 1958.5.2. Performance criteria 1978.5.3. Discussion 1988.6. Conclusion 1998.7. References 199Chapter 9. Optimization in Multilevel Green Transportation Problems with Electrical Vehicles 203Marcos R. LEITE, Heder S. BERNANDINO, Luciana B. GONÇALVES and Stênio SOARES9.1. Introduction 2039.2. Transportation problems with electric vehicles 2069.2.1. Multilevel formulations 2079.2.2. Summary review of the literature 2099.3. Search techniques 2119.3.1. Exact optimization techniques 2129.3.2. Genetic algorithms 2139.3.3. Imperialism competitive algorithm 2149.3.4. Particle Swarm Optimization 2169.3.5. Simulated annealing 2179.3.6. Neighborhood search 2189.3.7. Summary review of the literature 2199.4. Tendencies and challenges 2239.5. Concluding remarks 2259.6. References 226List of Authors 229Index 231

Walid Besbes is an Assistant Professor at the College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He is also a member of LOGIQ, University of Sfax, Tunisia.Diala Dhouib is a Professor in Quantitative Methods at the University of Sfax, Tunisia and Director of the Research Unit LOGIQ. She has initiated several research projects with economic agents and public organizations.iaz Wassan is a Reader in Management Science at the University of Kent, UK. He is a founding member of the CLHO, University of Kent. His other professional memberships include CILT, CIPS and the OR Society, UK.Emna Marrekchi is a Doctor in Operations Research and Decision Aid at the faculty of Management and Economics, University of Sfax, Tunisia.

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xvChapter 1. An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search Heuristic for the Green Dial-a-Ride Problem 1Mohamed Amine MASMOUDI, Manar HOSNY and Emrah DEMIR1.1. Introduction 11.2. Literature review 31.2.1. The Dial-a-Ride Problem 41.2.2. The green vehicle routing problem 51.3. Problem definition 51.4. An Adaptive Large Neighborhood Search for the G-DARP 101.4.1. Adaptive weight adjustment procedure 111.4.2. Removal and insertion operators 121.4.3. Local search operators 121.5. Computational experiments 131.5.1. Data and experimental setting 131.5.2. Parameters setting 141.5.3. Computational analysis 161.6. Conclusion 231.7. References 23Chapter 2. Role of Green Technology Vehicles in Road Transportation Emissions – Case of the UK 27Niaz WASSAN, Angus FURNEAUX and Said SALHI2.1. Introduction 272.2. Alternative Fuel-Powered vehicles market 292.3. Electric vehicles – options and features 302.3.1. Battery relevance 362.3.2. Charging implications 402.3.3. Relevance of regenerative braking technology 442.3.4. Emissions 442.4. UK transport emissions and the impact of BEVs 472.5. Cost implications 552.6. Conclusion 562.7. References 57Chapter 3. Transport Pooling: Moving Toward Green Distribution 63Alaeddine ZOUARI3.1. Introduction 633.2. Concepts of collaborative logistics 653.2.1. Definitions and issues 653.2.2. Forms of logistical collaboration 663.3. Pooling of physical flows between organizations 683.4. Literature review 693.4.1. Choice of articles 693.4.2. Analysis and discussion of the results 723.5. Proposal of pooling scenarios for the urban distribution of goods 753.6. Comparison of scenarios 813.6.1. Distances traveled 813.6.2. Greenhouse gas emissions 833.6.3. Distribution cost 843.6.4. Delivery time 853.6.5. Best scenario 863.7. Proposal for a shared long-distance distribution model 873.8. Conclusion 903.9. References 90Chapter 4. A Ruin and Recreate Solution Method for a Lexicographic Vehicle Routing Problem Integrating Park-and-Loop and Car Sharing 97Olivier GALLAY and Nicolas ZUFFEREY4.1. Introduction 974.2. Literature review 994.3. Considered problem 1014.4. Lexicographic approach 1034.5. Solution method 1044.6. Results 1074.6.1. Walking 1084.6.2. Electric kick scooter 1114.7. Conclusion and future work 1124.8. References 113Chapter 5. An Overview of the Recent Solution Approaches in the Green Vehicle Routing Problem 115Emna MARREKCHI, Walid BESBES and Diala DHOUIB5.1. Introduction 1155.2. Chronological progress of the literature on the GVRP 1165.2.1. The Green-VRP 1165.2.2. The Pollution-Routing Problem 1195.3. Solution methodologies for the GVRP 1205.3.1. Exact methods 1205.3.2. Metaheuristics 1235.3.3. Heuristics 1285.4. Conclusion 1295.5. References 130Chapter 6. Multi-Criteria Decision Aid for Green Modes of Crude Oil Transportation Using MACBETH: The Sfax Region Case 135Nouha HAMMAMI, Mohamed Haykal AMMAR and Diala DHOUIB6.1. Introduction 1356.2. State-of-the-art 1376.2.1. Hazardous materials transportation integrated location and routing problem 1376.2.2. Hazardous materials transportation risk assessment problem 1386.2.3. Hazardous materials transportation network design problem 1396.3. Real case: choice of crude oil transportation modal from the Sfax region to the Skhira port 1426.3.1. Identification of the problem 1436.3.2. Method for Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical-Based Evaluation Technique (MACBETH) 1436.3.3. Research methodology: MACBETH application 1446.3.4. Results and discussions 1506.4. Conclusion 1576.5. References 158Chapter 7. Green Reverse Logistics: Case of the Vehicle Routing Problem with Delivery and Collection Demands 161Naveed WASSAN, Niaz WASSAN, Lina SIMEONOVA and Walid BESBES7.1. Introduction and significance 1617.2. The Vehicle Routing Problem and its variants 1647.2.1. The evolution of the Vehicle Routing Problem 1647.2.2. The Vehicle Routing Problem 1647.2.3. VRP variants. 1647.3. The VRP with delivery and collection demand models 1667.3.1. The VRP with Mixed Deliveries and Pickups 1667.3.2. The VRP with Simultaneous Deliveries and Pickups 1667.3.3. The VRP with Backhauls 1677.3.4. The Multiple-Trip Vehicle Routing Problem with Backhauls 1687.4. Studies in VRPB-related areas. 1697.4.1. Significance of the VRP models with delivery and collection demands 1707.4.2. Ecological relevance of the VRP models 1717.4.3. Computation of freight transport greenhouse gas emissions 1727.4.4. Vehicle routing models directly focused on green transportation 1747.4.5. Green VRP models 1757.4.6. Electric vehicles modeling 1767.5. Conclusion 1777.6. References 178Chapter 8. An Improved DTC Induction Motor for Electric Vehicle Propulsion: An Intention to Provide a Comfortable Ride 185Fatma BEN SALEM and Moez FEKI8.1. Introduction 1858.2. Several components of EV motor drive 1878.3. An overview of induction motor control strategies 1888.4. DTC strategies 1898.4.1. Conventional DTC fundamentals 1898.4.2. An improvement of DTC strategy: fixed torque switching frequency 1938.5. Comparative study based on simulation results 1958.5.1. Steady-state and transient behavior analysis 1958.5.2. Performance criteria 1978.5.3. Discussion 1988.6. Conclusion 1998.7. References 199Chapter 9. Optimization in Multilevel Green Transportation Problems with Electrical Vehicles 203Marcos R. LEITE, Heder S. BERNANDINO, Luciana B. GONÇALVES and Stênio SOARES9.1. Introduction 2039.2. Transportation problems with electric vehicles 2069.2.1. Multilevel formulations 2079.2.2. Summary review of the literature 2099.3. Search techniques 2119.3.1. Exact optimization techniques 2129.3.2. Genetic algorithms 2139.3.3. Imperialism competitive algorithm 2149.3.4. Particle Swarm Optimization 2169.3.5. Simulated annealing 2179.3.6. Neighborhood search 2189.3.7. Summary review of the literature 2199.4. Tendencies and challenges 2239.5. Concluding remarks 2259.6. References 226List of Authors 229Index 231