Djillali Hadjouis is a specialist in human and animal anatomy of populations of the past. He has been, in turn, associate professor at universities, research director, departmental archaeologist and lecturer, training dozens of students from Europe, Africa and Asia.

• Introduction xiPart 1. The Skull of Fossil and Present-day Quadruped Vertebrates: Craniofacial Structure and Postural Balance 1Chapter 1. Proboscideans: The Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) 31.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 31.2. Mammoth discoveries in Île-de-France 51.3. A young mammoth in Maisons-Alfort 51.4. A woolly mammoth skull in the reserves 61.5. A mammoth skull with removed tusks 71.6. A particular tooth eruption 8Chapter 2. Equidae 112.1. The horse (Equus caballus) 112.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 112.1.2. A fossil horse in Africa: paleogeographic and biostratigraphic distributions 152.1.3. The postural balance of Equidae 172.1.4. Joint pathologies in service horses 182.1.5. Introduction to animal bone pathologies and zoonoses 202.1.6. The horse’s status over the centuries 202.2. The donkey (Equus asinus) 212.2.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 222.2.2. The status of the donkey over the centuries 23Chapter 3. Bovidae 253.1. Aurochs (Bos primigenius) 253.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 253.1.2. Cattle (Bos taurus) 273.1.3. The status of cattle over the centuries 283.2. The bison (Bison priscus): chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 283.3. The buffalo (Syncerus antiquus) 293.3.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the current Syncerus and Bubalus buffaloes 293.3.2. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of fossil species 303.3.3. Bos/Syncerus dental distinction criteria 353.3.4. Postural balance and paleoecology of Bovidae 383.3.5. Polymorphism and dimorphism in Bovidae 393.3.6. Osteoarticular abnormalities and bone pathologies in Bovidae 413.4. The common eland (Taurotragus oryx) 433.4.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 433.4.2. Posture and locomotor adaptation 463.5. The hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) 483.5.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 483.5.2. Postural balance 493.6. Gazelles (Gazella) 503.6.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 503.6.2. Postural balance 51Chapter 4. Cervidae 534.1. The red deer (Cervus elaphus) 534.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 534.1.2. The status of deer developing over the centuries 584.2. The Algerian thick-cheeked deer (Megaceroides algericus) 594.2.1. Several species from Europe, the Mediterranean islands and one species from the Maghreb 604.2.2. Size of Megaceroides algericus 63Chapter 5. Suidae 655.1. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) 655.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 655.1.2. The status of the boar over the centuries 675.1.3. Postural balance of the boar 675.2. The warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus or africanus) 705.2.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 715.2.2. A particular tooth eruption 745.2.3. Postural balance of the warthog 765.2.4. Pathologies in warthogs 775.2.5. A catastrophic mortality curve 78Chapter 6. Carnivores 816.1. The lion (Panthera leo) 816.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 816.1.2. Occlusal posture and the lion’s balance on the ground 836.2. The panther or leopard (Panthera pardus) 846.2.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 856.2.2. Occlusal posture and postural balance of the panther on the ground 856.3. The spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta): chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 876.4. The striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) 896.4.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 896.4.2. Occlusal posture and postural balance of hyenas on the ground 906.5. The cave bear (Ursus spelaeus) and the brown bear (Ursus arctos): chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 936.6. The wolf (Canis lupus): chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 95Chapter 7. Lagomorphs: The Hare (Lepus capensis) 997.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 997.2. The status of the hare over the centuries 101Part 2. The Skull of Fossil Bipedal Vertebrates: Craniofacial Structure and Postural Balance 103Chapter 8. Primates 1058.1. Occlusal posture, quadrupedic and verticalization of the Hominoid body 1068.2. Work in dentofacial orthopedics and embryogenesis 108Chapter 9. Hominoids 1119.1. Kenyapithecus 1129.2. Nacholapithecus 1139.3. Otavipithecus namibiensis 113Chapter 10. From Hominoids to Hominids 11510.1. Ardipithecus ramidus kadabba 11510.2. Praeanthropus tugenensis (= Orrorin tugenensis) 11610.3. Sahelanthropus tchadensis 11610.4. Ardipithecus ramidus 11710.5. Praeanthropus africanus (= Australopithecus anamensis) 118Chapter 11. Australopithecus 11911.1. Australopithecus afarensis 12011.2. Australopithecus africanus 12011.3. Australopithecus bahrelghazali 12011.4. Australopithecus garhi 12111.5. Paranthropus robustus 12111.6. Australopithecus aethiopicus 12111.7. Australopithecus boisei 122Chapter 12. The Genus Homo 12312.1. Homo habilis 12612.2. Homo rudolfensis 12612.3. Homo ergaster and Homo erectus 12712.4. Homo georgicus 12812.5. Homo neanderthalensis 12912.5.1. Plesiomorphic and autapomorphic morphological features 12912.5.2. Non-Sapiens craniofacial dynamics and posture 13012.5.3. A permanent labidodental joint 13012.5.4. The asymmetry of fossil pieces 13312.6. Homo sapiens 135Chapter 13. Migration and Paleogeographic Distribution of the Homininae 13713.1. Australopithecus and Homo habilis: regional African migrations 13713.2. Homo ergaster and Homo erectus: the first great African-Eurasian journey 13913.3. Homo neanderthalensis: a Eurasian traveler 14113.4. Homo sapiens: the second great conquest voyage on all continents 141Part 3. The Skull of Homo sapiens in All its Diversity 145Chapter 14. The Craniofacial Puzzle in Motion 14714.1. Normality and its boundaries with the abnormal and the pathological 14714.2. The importance of interpreting or reinterpreting (Le Double 1903, 1906) 14814.3. Craniofacial structural mechanics and dynamics 14914.3.1. Biodynamics of vault bones 15014.3.2. Biodynamics of the temporal bone 15114.3.3. Biodynamics of the occipital bone 15114.3.4. Biodynamics of the sphenoidal bone 15214.3.5. Biodynamics of the maxillary bone 15214.3.6. Biodynamics of the mandibular bone 154Chapter 15. The Basics of Structural Analysis 15715.1. Analysis tools using imaging 15715.2. Maxillo-mandibular dysmorphoses 159x The Skull of Quadruped and Bipedal Vertebrates15.2.1. Angle’s classification 16015.3. History of structural mechanics: from geometry to imagery 16115.3.1. The initiators 16115.3.2. FDO orthopedists and orthodontists 16315.3.3. Osteopaths 16515.3.4. Recent work in human paleontology and paleoanthropology 166Chapter 16. Identification of Malformation 16916.1. Craniostenosis, a history of sutures 16916.2. Craniofacial asymmetries 17216.2.1. Examples of craniofacial asymmetries 17416.2.2. The importance of the spine and its effects in basic cranial equilibrium or disequilibrium 18016.3. Psalidodontia or labidodontia? 18116.3.1. The behavior of the dental articulation of juvenile Pleistocene and Holocene populations in the Maghreb and the Sahara 18416.3.2. Dental articulation and extraction of the incisors 18716.4. Para-masticatory functions of Homo sapiens in Algeria 19016.5. Occlusal equilibrium and adaptation of regional morphotypes 19316.5.1. In the Paris Basin 19316.5.2. In the Maghreb countries 19816.5.3. Occlusal balance and the regional morphotype in the Maghreb and Sub-Saharan Africa 199Chapter 17. Ignored Pathologies 20517.1. Extremely rare craniofacial pathologies 20517.1.1. Crouzon syndrome 20517.1.2. Marfan syndrome 20517.1.3. Cranial thickening and Albers-Schönberg’s disease 20617.1.4. Torticollis 20617.1.5. Parietal thinning 20717.1.6. Scurvy 20817.2. The oldest therapeutic practice: trepanning 209Conclusion 211References 213Index 235