Pierre Camille Lacaze is former Director of the ITODYS laboratory and former President of the Division de Chimie Physique of the Société chimique de France. He is Professor Emeritus at Paris Cité University, France, and his research focuses on interface reactions between chemical compounds and electrode materials.Benoît Piro is Professor at Paris Cité University, France, Deputy Director of the Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology at the Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam, and Operational Director of PRINTUP Institute. His research focuses on printed electronics applied to sensors of all kinds.Jean-Christophe Lacroix is Professor and Director of the Chemistry Department at Paris Cité University, and former Deputy Director of the ITODYS laboratory. His research focuses on nanoelectrochemistry, nanostructured modified surfaces, plasmonics and molecular electronics.

• Introduction ixPart 1. Nanomaterials, Amplification, Separation, Recognition and Transduction 1Chapter 1. Nanomaterials 31.1. Carbon nanomaterials 31.2. Inorganic nanomaterials 321.3. Conclusions 49Chapter 2. Separation and Amplification Techniques 532.1. Principle of the PCR technique applied to the concentration amplification of DNA traces 532.2. Sequencing techniques 572.3. Separation techniques for product mixtures 612.4. Conclusions 87Chapter 3. Recognition Principles 893.1. The different molecular or chemical identification techniques 903.2. Sensor networks and artificial intelligence 1083.3. Conclusions 112Chapter 4. Physico-chemical Transduction Techniques 1154.1. Electrochemical methods 1164.2. Piezoelectricity for gravimetric analysis 1244.3. Field effect transistors 1284.4. Optical and optoelectrochemical detection methods 1394.5. Conclusions 178Part 2. Environmental and Biological Sensors 181Chapter 5. Ion and Gas Sensors 1835.1. Membrane electrodes for potentiometric pH measurement 1845.2. Ion selective electrodes (ISE) 1865.3. Gas sensors 2005.4. Conclusions 232Chapter 6. Biosensors for Health 2356.1. Blood sugar, uremia and cholesterol 2366.2. Biomarkers 2546.3. Pathogens 2756.4. Conclusions 286Conclusion 287References 289Index 333

Pierre Camille Lacaze is former Director of the ITODYS laboratory and former President of the Division de Chimie Physique of the Société chimique de France. He is Professor Emeritus at Paris Cité University, France, and his research focuses on interface reactions between chemical compounds and electrode materials.Benoît Piro is Professor at Paris Cité University, France, Deputy Director of the Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology at the Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam, and Operational Director of PRINTUP Institute. His research focuses on printed electronics applied to sensors of all kinds.Jean-Christophe Lacroix is Professor and Director of the Chemistry Department at Paris Cité University, and former Deputy Director of the ITODYS laboratory. His research focuses on nanoelectrochemistry, nanostructured modified surfaces, plasmonics and molecular electronics.

• Introduction ixPart 1. Nanomaterials, Amplification, Separation, Recognition and Transduction 1Chapter 1. Nanomaterials 31.1. Carbon nanomaterials 31.2. Inorganic nanomaterials 321.3. Conclusions 49Chapter 2. Separation and Amplification Techniques 532.1. Principle of the PCR technique applied to the concentration amplification of DNA traces 532.2. Sequencing techniques 572.3. Separation techniques for product mixtures 612.4. Conclusions 87Chapter 3. Recognition Principles 893.1. The different molecular or chemical identification techniques 903.2. Sensor networks and artificial intelligence 1083.3. Conclusions 112Chapter 4. Physico-chemical Transduction Techniques 1154.1. Electrochemical methods 1164.2. Piezoelectricity for gravimetric analysis 1244.3. Field effect transistors 1284.4. Optical and optoelectrochemical detection methods 1394.5. Conclusions 178Part 2. Environmental and Biological Sensors 181Chapter 5. Ion and Gas Sensors 1835.1. Membrane electrodes for potentiometric pH measurement 1845.2. Ion selective electrodes (ISE) 1865.3. Gas sensors 2005.4. Conclusions 232Chapter 6. Biosensors for Health 2356.1. Blood sugar, uremia and cholesterol 2366.2. Biomarkers 2546.3. Pathogens 2756.4. Conclusions 286Conclusion 287References 289Index 333

Pierre Camille Lacaze is former Director of the ITODYS laboratory and former President of the Division de Chimie Physique of the Société chimique de France. He is Professor Emeritus at Paris Cité University, France, and his research focuses on interface reactions between chemical compounds and electrode materials.Benoît Piro is Professor at Paris Cité University, France, Deputy Director of the Department of Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology at the Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam, and Operational Director of PRINTUP Institute. His research focuses on printed electronics applied to sensors of all kinds.Jean-Christophe Lacroix is Professor and Director of the Chemistry Department at Paris Cité University, and former Deputy Director of the ITODYS laboratory. His research focuses on nanoelectrochemistry, nanostructured modified surfaces, plasmonics and molecular electronics.

• Introduction ixPart 1. Nanomaterials, Amplification, Separation, Recognition and Transduction 1Chapter 1. Nanomaterials 31.1. Carbon nanomaterials 31.2. Inorganic nanomaterials 321.3. Conclusions 49Chapter 2. Separation and Amplification Techniques 532.1. Principle of the PCR technique applied to the concentration amplification of DNA traces 532.2. Sequencing techniques 572.3. Separation techniques for product mixtures 612.4. Conclusions 87Chapter 3. Recognition Principles 893.1. The different molecular or chemical identification techniques 903.2. Sensor networks and artificial intelligence 1083.3. Conclusions 112Chapter 4. Physico-chemical Transduction Techniques 1154.1. Electrochemical methods 1164.2. Piezoelectricity for gravimetric analysis 1244.3. Field effect transistors 1284.4. Optical and optoelectrochemical detection methods 1394.5. Conclusions 178Part 2. Environmental and Biological Sensors 181Chapter 5. Ion and Gas Sensors 1835.1. Membrane electrodes for potentiometric pH measurement 1845.2. Ion selective electrodes (ISE) 1865.3. Gas sensors 2005.4. Conclusions 232Chapter 6. Biosensors for Health 2356.1. Blood sugar, uremia and cholesterol 2366.2. Biomarkers 2546.3. Pathogens 2756.4. Conclusions 286Conclusion 287References 289Index 333