Michel Ledoux was Professor and Vice-President at the University of Rouen, France. He was also Director of the UMR CNRS CORIA, then Regional Delegate for Research and Technology in Upper Normandy, France. Specializing in fluid mechanics and transfers, he has worked in the fields of reactive boundary layers and spraying. Currently retired, he is an adviser to the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Normandy, collaborating with the Institute of Industrial Engineering Techniques (ITII) in Vernon, France.Abdelkhalak El Hami is Full Professor of Universities at INSA-Rouen-Normandie, France. He is the author/co-author of several books and is responsible for several European pedagogical projects. He is a specialist in fluid structure interaction and problems of optimization and reliability in multi physical systems.

• Preface ixIntroduction xiList of Notations xixChapter 1 General Notions 11.1 General notions 11.2 Forced convection, natural convection 31.3 The calculation of heat transfer 51.4 Convection coefficient 51.5 The program of our study 7Chapter 2 Empirical Approaches 92.1 Introduction 92.2 The dimensionless numbers (or dimensionless criteria) of convection 102.2.1 The interest of the dimensionless representation is, at first sight, twofold 102.2.2 Vaschy–Buckingham theorem 102.2.3 Definition and significance of the dimensionless criteria of fluid mechanics and heat transfer 112.3 Calculation of convection coefficients: external convection 172.3.1 Case of a flat plate at constant temperature 172.3.2 External convection on an obstacle: case of a tube outside a flow 222.4 Internal convection 222.4.1 Convection in a tube 222.4.2 Forced convection between two plates 242.5 Natural convection 252.5.1 Let us recall useful dimensionless numbers 252.5.2 Nusselt calculation 262.6 Use of “standard” formulas 282.7 Some examples of applications 28Chapter 3 The Boundary Layer 593.1 Introduction 593.2 The notion of a boundary layer 593.2.1 Boundary layer characteristics 603.2.2 The boundary layers can be approached by different methods 633.3 The external boundary layers: analytical treatment 633.3.1 The laminar boundary layer developed by a flat plate in a uniform flow 633.3.2 The turbulent boundary layer 733.4 Problem of scale 793.5 Applications of the boundary layer theory 813.6 External boundary layers: integral methods 1433.6.1 Principle of the integral method 1433.6.2 Integral methods for an external boundary layer on a flat plate, in Cartesian coordinates 1443.7 Examples of applications of integral methods 151Chapter 4 Heat Exchangers 1854.1 Introduction and basic concepts 1854.1.1 Classification test 1864.2 Method of calculation of exchangers 1874.2.1 Types of exchangers 1874.2.2 Logarithmic mean temperature difference method (DTLM) 1904.2.3 Number of transfer units method (NUT method) 1954.3 Conclusion 2054.4 An example of the application of the methods 205Appendices 217Appendix 1 Physical Properties of Common Fluids 219Appendix 2 Physical Properties of Common Solids 221Appendix 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Water Vapor 225Appendix 4 The General Equations of Fluid Mechanics 229Appendix 5 The Dynamic and Thermal Laminar Boundary Layer 253Appendix 6 Table of Functions: erf (x) erfc(x) and ierfc(x) 273References 275Index 283

Michel Ledoux was Professor and Vice-President at the University of Rouen, France. He was also Director of the UMR CNRS CORIA, then Regional Delegate for Research and Technology in Upper Normandy, France. Specializing in fluid mechanics and transfers, he has worked in the fields of reactive boundary layers and spraying. Currently retired, he is an adviser to the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Normandy, collaborating with the Institute of Industrial Engineering Techniques (ITII) in Vernon, France.Abdelkhalak El Hami is Full Professor of Universities at INSA-Rouen-Normandie, France. He is the author/co-author of several books and is responsible for several European pedagogical projects. He is a specialist in fluid structure interaction and problems of optimization and reliability in multi physical systems.

• Preface ixIntroduction xiList of Notations xixChapter 1 General Notions 11.1 General notions 11.2 Forced convection, natural convection 31.3 The calculation of heat transfer 51.4 Convection coefficient 51.5 The program of our study 7Chapter 2 Empirical Approaches 92.1 Introduction 92.2 The dimensionless numbers (or dimensionless criteria) of convection 102.2.1 The interest of the dimensionless representation is, at first sight, twofold 102.2.2 Vaschy–Buckingham theorem 102.2.3 Definition and significance of the dimensionless criteria of fluid mechanics and heat transfer 112.3 Calculation of convection coefficients: external convection 172.3.1 Case of a flat plate at constant temperature 172.3.2 External convection on an obstacle: case of a tube outside a flow 222.4 Internal convection 222.4.1 Convection in a tube 222.4.2 Forced convection between two plates 242.5 Natural convection 252.5.1 Let us recall useful dimensionless numbers 252.5.2 Nusselt calculation 262.6 Use of “standard” formulas 282.7 Some examples of applications 28Chapter 3 The Boundary Layer 593.1 Introduction 593.2 The notion of a boundary layer 593.2.1 Boundary layer characteristics 603.2.2 The boundary layers can be approached by different methods 633.3 The external boundary layers: analytical treatment 633.3.1 The laminar boundary layer developed by a flat plate in a uniform flow 633.3.2 The turbulent boundary layer 733.4 Problem of scale 793.5 Applications of the boundary layer theory 813.6 External boundary layers: integral methods 1433.6.1 Principle of the integral method 1433.6.2 Integral methods for an external boundary layer on a flat plate, in Cartesian coordinates 1443.7 Examples of applications of integral methods 151Chapter 4 Heat Exchangers 1854.1 Introduction and basic concepts 1854.1.1 Classification test 1864.2 Method of calculation of exchangers 1874.2.1 Types of exchangers 1874.2.2 Logarithmic mean temperature difference method (DTLM) 1904.2.3 Number of transfer units method (NUT method) 1954.3 Conclusion 2054.4 An example of the application of the methods 205Appendices 217Appendix 1 Physical Properties of Common Fluids 219Appendix 2 Physical Properties of Common Solids 221Appendix 3 Thermodynamic Properties of Water Vapor 225Appendix 4 The General Equations of Fluid Mechanics 229Appendix 5 The Dynamic and Thermal Laminar Boundary Layer 253Appendix 6 Table of Functions: erf (x) erfc(x) and ierfc(x) 273References 275Index 283