Frederic Demoly is a Full Professor at UTBM, France, and a department director at the CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research). His research focuses on design for 4D printing using computational intelligence, and on multi-material additive manufacturing processes.Jean-Claude Andre is a Research Director at the CNRS and Professor Emeritus at the University of Lorraine, France. He is developing research on new 3D processes and works alongside Frédéric Demoly on 4D printing.

• Foreword ixJean-Charles PomerolPreface xiPreamble xviiIntroduction lviiChapter 1 Is 4D Printing Disruptive or Incremental, or a Bit of Both? 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Prospective approach 41.3 A tectonics of paradigms 131.3.1 3D printing 141.3.2 4D printing 171.3.3 The potential development of 4D innovations 211.3.4 Note: example of 4D printing in structural electronics (SE) 251.3.5 Partial conclusion 321.4 4D printing: breakthrough or increment? 371.4.1 Creativity and 4D printing 391.4.2 Getting out of blindly following? Where to go? 441.4.3 Application to additive manufacturing 471.4.4 Application to 4D printing 481.5 Financial and organizational aspects 501.5.1 Research funding and direction 501.5.2 Constraints/opportunities related to research orientation 551.6 A hopeful conclusion within an organization that learns 661.6.1 General framework 661.6.2 Organizing research in 4D printing 671.7 Appendix 1: Processing an external file 711.8 Appendix 2: Going a step further (working document) 741.8.1 Can we break the deadlock? 801.8.2 So what? 821.9 References 84Chapter 2. Is There External Creativity to Support 4D Printing? 1172.1 Introduction 1182.2 A survey for the general public 1182.2.1 The survey 1192.2.2 Items not transmitted 1212.2.3 Some general survey results 1262.2.4 Note: English language survey 1302.3 Results of the survey 1322.3.1 Specific ideas and proposals (open questions) 1332.3.2. Presentation and analysis of the quantified results of the survey 1382.4 Discussion 1482.4.1 Non-response (voluntary) 1492.4.2 Survey responses 1532.5 Conclusion 1542.6 Appendix 1: The blank survey 1572.6.1 What is 4D printing? 1572.7 Appendix 2: Answers as of February 16, 2021 1642.8 References of scientific articles with “4D printing” or “applications” in their titles 1692.9 References 171Chapter 3 Who Would Prevail Today from Lamarck or Darwin to Help the Controlled Evolution of 4D Printing? 1773.1 Introduction 1783.2 General considerations 1793.2.1 The 4D fabrications concerned by this chapter 1793.2.2 Toward a transposition between theories of nature and 4D printing 1813.3 General considerations 1823.3.1 The question of arrangements and the control of the arrow of time 1833.3.2 Complexity induced by the stimulation 1863.3.3 Toward a principle of parsimony? 1973.3.4 To go a little further 1993.3.5 A partial fallback situation 2013.3.6 The reverse problem 2023.4 A view from thermodynamics 2033.5 Darwin, Lamarck and others… 2043.5.1 Between Lamarck and Darwin 2043.5.2 Evolutions 2073.5.3 Notion of morphogenetic field 2083.6 Conclusion 2133.7 References 214Chapter 4. Toward a Possibly Programmable Self-organization? 2254.1 Introduction 2254.2 A look at the technology 2274.3 Natural (spontaneous) self-organization 2284.3.1 Nonlinearities 2304.3.2 Achieving the desired shape? 2354.4 Self-organization and 3D/4D printing 2394.4.1 General considerations 2394.4.2 Creation of 3D artifacts 2424.4.3 What about 4D printing? Stimulated self-organizing systems: bottom-up coupling 2434.4.4 Can we envisage a “learning” 4D system? 2464.4.5 Removal of a blocking element 2534.5 Conclusion 2544.6 References 254Index 265

Frederic Demoly is a Full Professor at UTBM, France, and a department director at the CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research). His research focuses on design for 4D printing using computational intelligence, and on multi-material additive manufacturing processes.Jean-Claude Andre is a Research Director at the CNRS and Professor Emeritus at the University of Lorraine, France. He is developing research on new 3D processes and works alongside Frédéric Demoly on 4D printing.

• Foreword ixJean-Charles PomerolPreface xiPreamble xviiIntroduction lviiChapter 1 Is 4D Printing Disruptive or Incremental, or a Bit of Both? 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Prospective approach 41.3 A tectonics of paradigms 131.3.1 3D printing 141.3.2 4D printing 171.3.3 The potential development of 4D innovations 211.3.4 Note: example of 4D printing in structural electronics (SE) 251.3.5 Partial conclusion 321.4 4D printing: breakthrough or increment? 371.4.1 Creativity and 4D printing 391.4.2 Getting out of blindly following? Where to go? 441.4.3 Application to additive manufacturing 471.4.4 Application to 4D printing 481.5 Financial and organizational aspects 501.5.1 Research funding and direction 501.5.2 Constraints/opportunities related to research orientation 551.6 A hopeful conclusion within an organization that learns 661.6.1 General framework 661.6.2 Organizing research in 4D printing 671.7 Appendix 1: Processing an external file 711.8 Appendix 2: Going a step further (working document) 741.8.1 Can we break the deadlock? 801.8.2 So what? 821.9 References 84Chapter 2. Is There External Creativity to Support 4D Printing? 1172.1 Introduction 1182.2 A survey for the general public 1182.2.1 The survey 1192.2.2 Items not transmitted 1212.2.3 Some general survey results 1262.2.4 Note: English language survey 1302.3 Results of the survey 1322.3.1 Specific ideas and proposals (open questions) 1332.3.2. Presentation and analysis of the quantified results of the survey 1382.4 Discussion 1482.4.1 Non-response (voluntary) 1492.4.2 Survey responses 1532.5 Conclusion 1542.6 Appendix 1: The blank survey 1572.6.1 What is 4D printing? 1572.7 Appendix 2: Answers as of February 16, 2021 1642.8 References of scientific articles with “4D printing” or “applications” in their titles 1692.9 References 171Chapter 3 Who Would Prevail Today from Lamarck or Darwin to Help the Controlled Evolution of 4D Printing? 1773.1 Introduction 1783.2 General considerations 1793.2.1 The 4D fabrications concerned by this chapter 1793.2.2 Toward a transposition between theories of nature and 4D printing 1813.3 General considerations 1823.3.1 The question of arrangements and the control of the arrow of time 1833.3.2 Complexity induced by the stimulation 1863.3.3 Toward a principle of parsimony? 1973.3.4 To go a little further 1993.3.5 A partial fallback situation 2013.3.6 The reverse problem 2023.4 A view from thermodynamics 2033.5 Darwin, Lamarck and others… 2043.5.1 Between Lamarck and Darwin 2043.5.2 Evolutions 2073.5.3 Notion of morphogenetic field 2083.6 Conclusion 2133.7 References 214Chapter 4. Toward a Possibly Programmable Self-organization? 2254.1 Introduction 2254.2 A look at the technology 2274.3 Natural (spontaneous) self-organization 2284.3.1 Nonlinearities 2304.3.2 Achieving the desired shape? 2354.4 Self-organization and 3D/4D printing 2394.4.1 General considerations 2394.4.2 Creation of 3D artifacts 2424.4.3 What about 4D printing? Stimulated self-organizing systems: bottom-up coupling 2434.4.4 Can we envisage a “learning” 4D system? 2464.4.5 Removal of a blocking element 2534.5 Conclusion 2544.6 References 254Index 265

Frederic Demoly is a Full Professor at UTBM, France, and a department director at the CNRS (French National Center for Scientific Research). His research focuses on design for 4D printing using computational intelligence, and on multi-material additive manufacturing processes.Jean-Claude Andre is a Research Director at the CNRS and Professor Emeritus at the University of Lorraine, France. He is developing research on new 3D processes and works alongside Frédéric Demoly on 4D printing.

• Foreword ixJean-Charles PomerolPreface xiPreamble xviiIntroduction lviiChapter 1 Is 4D Printing Disruptive or Incremental, or a Bit of Both? 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Prospective approach 41.3 A tectonics of paradigms 131.3.1 3D printing 141.3.2 4D printing 171.3.3 The potential development of 4D innovations 211.3.4 Note: example of 4D printing in structural electronics (SE) 251.3.5 Partial conclusion 321.4 4D printing: breakthrough or increment? 371.4.1 Creativity and 4D printing 391.4.2 Getting out of blindly following? Where to go? 441.4.3 Application to additive manufacturing 471.4.4 Application to 4D printing 481.5 Financial and organizational aspects 501.5.1 Research funding and direction 501.5.2 Constraints/opportunities related to research orientation 551.6 A hopeful conclusion within an organization that learns 661.6.1 General framework 661.6.2 Organizing research in 4D printing 671.7 Appendix 1: Processing an external file 711.8 Appendix 2: Going a step further (working document) 741.8.1 Can we break the deadlock? 801.8.2 So what? 821.9 References 84Chapter 2. Is There External Creativity to Support 4D Printing? 1172.1 Introduction 1182.2 A survey for the general public 1182.2.1 The survey 1192.2.2 Items not transmitted 1212.2.3 Some general survey results 1262.2.4 Note: English language survey 1302.3 Results of the survey 1322.3.1 Specific ideas and proposals (open questions) 1332.3.2. Presentation and analysis of the quantified results of the survey 1382.4 Discussion 1482.4.1 Non-response (voluntary) 1492.4.2 Survey responses 1532.5 Conclusion 1542.6 Appendix 1: The blank survey 1572.6.1 What is 4D printing? 1572.7 Appendix 2: Answers as of February 16, 2021 1642.8 References of scientific articles with “4D printing” or “applications” in their titles 1692.9 References 171Chapter 3 Who Would Prevail Today from Lamarck or Darwin to Help the Controlled Evolution of 4D Printing? 1773.1 Introduction 1783.2 General considerations 1793.2.1 The 4D fabrications concerned by this chapter 1793.2.2 Toward a transposition between theories of nature and 4D printing 1813.3 General considerations 1823.3.1 The question of arrangements and the control of the arrow of time 1833.3.2 Complexity induced by the stimulation 1863.3.3 Toward a principle of parsimony? 1973.3.4 To go a little further 1993.3.5 A partial fallback situation 2013.3.6 The reverse problem 2023.4 A view from thermodynamics 2033.5 Darwin, Lamarck and others… 2043.5.1 Between Lamarck and Darwin 2043.5.2 Evolutions 2073.5.3 Notion of morphogenetic field 2083.6 Conclusion 2133.7 References 214Chapter 4. Toward a Possibly Programmable Self-organization? 2254.1 Introduction 2254.2 A look at the technology 2274.3 Natural (spontaneous) self-organization 2284.3.1 Nonlinearities 2304.3.2 Achieving the desired shape? 2354.4 Self-organization and 3D/4D printing 2394.4.1 General considerations 2394.4.2 Creation of 3D artifacts 2424.4.3 What about 4D printing? Stimulated self-organizing systems: bottom-up coupling 2434.4.4 Can we envisage a “learning” 4D system? 2464.4.5 Removal of a blocking element 2534.5 Conclusion 2544.6 References 254Index 265