Edited by Letizia Paoli, Full Professor of Criminology and Chair of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Belgium and Life Member, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, UK, Cyrille Fijnaut, Emeritus Professor of Criminology and Criminal Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and KU Leuven, Belgium and Jan Wouters, Full Professor of International Law and International Organizations, Jean Monnet Chair ad personam EU and Global Governance and Director, Institute for International Law and Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium

‘This book is a milestone on the road towards a better understanding of the linkages in the underworlds of crime and terror.’

• Contents:1 Introduction to the nexus between organized crime and terrorism 1Cyrille Fijnaut, Letizia Paoli and Jan WoutersPART I LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUALIZATION2 Taking stock of the literature on the nexus betweenorganized crime and terrorism 17Letizia Paoli and Cyrille Fijnaut3 Conceptualizing the nexus between organized crime and terrorism 48Letizia Paoli and Cyrille FijnautPART II TRANSFER OF RESOURCES4 Criminal pasts, terrorist futures? Jihadist recruits inWestern Europe 86Peter R. Neumann and Rajan Basra5 Terrorists’ acquisition of firearms and explosives: criminal,legal and grey sources 104Toine Spapens and Nils Duquet6 The organized crime–terrorism nexus and its funding 126Michael LeviPART III EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES7 The nexus between organised crime and terrorism, and theattacks in Paris and Brussels in 2015 and 2016 148Cyrille Fijnaut8 Assessing the involvement in organized crime of jihadistsfrom the Netherlands 221Anton Weenink, Melvin R.J. Soudijn and Rudie J.M. Neve9 Legal and law enforcement implications arising from theorganized crime–terrorism nexus in Northern Ireland 239Tom Obokata10 To what extent was Basque terrorist group ETA involvedin a nexus with organized crime? An economic analysis 258Mikel Buesa and Thomas Baumert11 Sweden: violent extremism and organized crime 276Lars KorsellPART IV NON-EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES12 The crime–terror nexus in Syria and Iraq 302Christina Steenkamp13 The nexus of organized crime and terror in Afghanistanand Pakistan 319Matthew Phillips and Shelby Davis14 Largely fleeting and hardly convergent: Libya’s crime–terror nexus 342Mark Micallef and Matt Herbert15 The terrorism–organized crime nexus in the Boko Haraminsurgency in Nigeria 366Freedom C. Onuoha16 Is there any nexus between terrorism and organized crimein Mexico? 391Luis Astorga17 Terrorism and organized crime in Colombia 412Gustavo Duncan, Santiago Sosa and Jose Antonio FortouPART V INTERNATIONAL POLICIES18 Responding to the crime–terror nexus: the international level 434Christophe Paulussen and Colin P. Clarke19 The nexus between organized crime and terrorism: policyresponses from the European Union and the Council of Europe 452Thomas Van Poecke and Jan WoutersIndex

Edited by Letizia Paoli, Full Professor of Criminology and Chair of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Belgium and Life Member, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, UK, Cyrille Fijnaut, Emeritus Professor of Criminology and Criminal Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and KU Leuven, Belgium and Jan Wouters, Full Professor of International Law and International Organizations, Jean Monnet Chair ad personam EU and Global Governance and Director, Institute for International Law and Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium

‘This book is a milestone on the road towards a better understanding of the linkages in the underworlds of crime and terror.’

• Contents:1 Introduction to the nexus between organized crime and terrorism 1Cyrille Fijnaut, Letizia Paoli and Jan WoutersPART I LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUALIZATION2 Taking stock of the literature on the nexus betweenorganized crime and terrorism 17Letizia Paoli and Cyrille Fijnaut3 Conceptualizing the nexus between organized crime and terrorism 48Letizia Paoli and Cyrille FijnautPART II TRANSFER OF RESOURCES4 Criminal pasts, terrorist futures? Jihadist recruits inWestern Europe 86Peter R. Neumann and Rajan Basra5 Terrorists’ acquisition of firearms and explosives: criminal,legal and grey sources 104Toine Spapens and Nils Duquet6 The organized crime–terrorism nexus and its funding 126Michael LeviPART III EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES7 The nexus between organised crime and terrorism, and theattacks in Paris and Brussels in 2015 and 2016 148Cyrille Fijnaut8 Assessing the involvement in organized crime of jihadistsfrom the Netherlands 221Anton Weenink, Melvin R.J. Soudijn and Rudie J.M. Neve9 Legal and law enforcement implications arising from theorganized crime–terrorism nexus in Northern Ireland 239Tom Obokata10 To what extent was Basque terrorist group ETA involvedin a nexus with organized crime? An economic analysis 258Mikel Buesa and Thomas Baumert11 Sweden: violent extremism and organized crime 276Lars KorsellPART IV NON-EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES12 The crime–terror nexus in Syria and Iraq 302Christina Steenkamp13 The nexus of organized crime and terror in Afghanistanand Pakistan 319Matthew Phillips and Shelby Davis14 Largely fleeting and hardly convergent: Libya’s crime–terror nexus 342Mark Micallef and Matt Herbert15 The terrorism–organized crime nexus in the Boko Haraminsurgency in Nigeria 366Freedom C. Onuoha16 Is there any nexus between terrorism and organized crimein Mexico? 391Luis Astorga17 Terrorism and organized crime in Colombia 412Gustavo Duncan, Santiago Sosa and Jose Antonio FortouPART V INTERNATIONAL POLICIES18 Responding to the crime–terror nexus: the international level 434Christophe Paulussen and Colin P. Clarke19 The nexus between organized crime and terrorism: policyresponses from the European Union and the Council of Europe 452Thomas Van Poecke and Jan WoutersIndex

Edited by Letizia Paoli, Full Professor of Criminology and Chair of the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Criminology, KU Leuven, Belgium and Life Member, Clare Hall, University of Cambridge, UK, Cyrille Fijnaut, Emeritus Professor of Criminology and Criminal Law, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Tilburg University, the Netherlands and KU Leuven, Belgium and Jan Wouters, Full Professor of International Law and International Organizations, Jean Monnet Chair ad personam EU and Global Governance and Director, Institute for International Law and Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, KU Leuven, Belgium

‘This book is a milestone on the road towards a better understanding of the linkages in the underworlds of crime and terror.’

• Contents:1 Introduction to the nexus between organized crime and terrorism 1Cyrille Fijnaut, Letizia Paoli and Jan WoutersPART I LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUALIZATION2 Taking stock of the literature on the nexus betweenorganized crime and terrorism 17Letizia Paoli and Cyrille Fijnaut3 Conceptualizing the nexus between organized crime and terrorism 48Letizia Paoli and Cyrille FijnautPART II TRANSFER OF RESOURCES4 Criminal pasts, terrorist futures? Jihadist recruits inWestern Europe 86Peter R. Neumann and Rajan Basra5 Terrorists’ acquisition of firearms and explosives: criminal,legal and grey sources 104Toine Spapens and Nils Duquet6 The organized crime–terrorism nexus and its funding 126Michael LeviPART III EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES7 The nexus between organised crime and terrorism, and theattacks in Paris and Brussels in 2015 and 2016 148Cyrille Fijnaut8 Assessing the involvement in organized crime of jihadistsfrom the Netherlands 221Anton Weenink, Melvin R.J. Soudijn and Rudie J.M. Neve9 Legal and law enforcement implications arising from theorganized crime–terrorism nexus in Northern Ireland 239Tom Obokata10 To what extent was Basque terrorist group ETA involvedin a nexus with organized crime? An economic analysis 258Mikel Buesa and Thomas Baumert11 Sweden: violent extremism and organized crime 276Lars KorsellPART IV NON-EUROPEAN CASE STUDIES12 The crime–terror nexus in Syria and Iraq 302Christina Steenkamp13 The nexus of organized crime and terror in Afghanistanand Pakistan 319Matthew Phillips and Shelby Davis14 Largely fleeting and hardly convergent: Libya’s crime–terror nexus 342Mark Micallef and Matt Herbert15 The terrorism–organized crime nexus in the Boko Haraminsurgency in Nigeria 366Freedom C. Onuoha16 Is there any nexus between terrorism and organized crimein Mexico? 391Luis Astorga17 Terrorism and organized crime in Colombia 412Gustavo Duncan, Santiago Sosa and Jose Antonio FortouPART V INTERNATIONAL POLICIES18 Responding to the crime–terror nexus: the international level 434Christophe Paulussen and Colin P. Clarke19 The nexus between organized crime and terrorism: policyresponses from the European Union and the Council of Europe 452Thomas Van Poecke and Jan WoutersIndex