Oceans

Guy Jacques, a planktologist, launched the French program to study the pelagic environment of the Southern Ocean. He has chaired scientific committees at Ifremer and Orstom. Paul Tréguer, a marine biogeochemist, led international and European programs on the impacts of global change on the ocean. He is the founder of the European Institute for Marine Studies (IUEM) and of Europole Mer. Herlé Mercier, a marine physicist, is interested in observing the variability of water masses in the North Atlantic from a forecasting perspective. He has chaired the MISTRALS Evaluation Committee and the scientific council of the IPEV.

• Introduction - Look from space: the planet "Ocean" rather than planet Earth - Brief history of the ocean planet, from its origins to the present day - The Challenger expedition: the birth of oceanography Part 1 - Evolution of concepts since the Challenger expedition 1- The ocean acquires a third dimension 2- From ocean physics to ocean-atmosphere interactions 3- From marine chemistry to marine biogeochemistry 4- From marine biology to biological oceanography 5- From the azo abysses to hydrothermal ecosystems Part Two - Concepts for the 21st Century Ocean 1- From large to small scale: importance in physics, biogeochemistry, and biology 2- Ecosystem approach to the exploited biological resources 3- Integrated approach to a warm, acidified, deoxygenated ocean Outlook - Comparative evolution of concepts in oceanography and other natural sciences - The challenges of oceanography beyond the sciences sensu stricto.