Population and Development Issues

Yves Charbit is Emeritus Professor of Demography at the University of Paris, France, and Research Associate at Oxford University, United Kingdom. A specialist in population and development issues in Africa, his research has covered such topics as fertility, the family, international migration, education and inequality

• Introduction: Population in the Development Paradigm xiYves CHARBITChapter 1 The Precursors: The Mercantilists, Malthus, Marx 1Yves CHARBIT1.1 Theories and doctrines 11.2 Mercantilism, the population doctrine and policy of royal power 21.2.1 Mercantilism and the modern state 21.2.2 A populationist doctrine 41.2.3 The inevitable historical decline of mercantilism 51.3 Malthus, the theorist of demo-economic growth 61.3.1 The consequences of demographic dynamics: poverty or increased agricultural production? 61.3.2 Demo-economic growth, industrialization and well-being 91.3.3 The political instrumentalization of demography in the past and in our days 111.4 Marx yesterday and today 121.4.1 Precarious labor in the agricultural sector 151.4.2 The relevance of Marx 161.5 Conclusion 181.6 References 19Chapter 2 Education, Population and Development 23Nicole BELLA and Yves CHARBIT2.1 Introduction 232.2 Education statistics and demography 242.2.1 Enrollment in primary education 252.2.2 Enrollment in secondary education 252.2.3 Higher education, still a luxury despite its expansion 292.2.4 Girls, the major beneficiaries of educational progress over the last decades 302.2.5 Education and demography in Asia 322.3 Education, population and development 432.3.1 Education and long-term economic growth 432.3.2 Education and social development 442.3.3 Education and politics 452.3.4 Education and conflict: a complex relationship 462.3.5 Education and urbanization 472.4 Conclusion: education and demography 482.5 References 48Chapter 3 Employment and the Informal Economy 53Jacques CHARMES3.1 Introduction 533.2 The concept of informal economy and its assessment methods 543.2.1 The evolution of concepts 553.2.2 The evolution of measurements 573.2.3 The extent of employment in the informal economy worldwide 583.3 Long-term employment trends in the informal economy in Northern Africa 603.3.1 A wide variety of approaches 603.3.2 The current situation 643.4 Conclusion: which transition policies from the informal to the formal economy? 723.5 References 74Chapter 4 Gender Inequalities 77Serge RABIER4.1 Current theories and debates 774.2 Health and reproductive rights at the heart of demography: economic investment and anthropological breakthroughs 784.2.1 Global data 784.2.2 Infant and maternal health 794.2.3 HIV-AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases 814.2.4 The emergence of new challenges related to the epidemiological transition 814.2.5 Gender stereotypes and patriarchy 824.2.6 Anthropological discrimination 834.2.7 Economic discrimination 844.2.8 Public health policies 844.3 Gender determinants at the heart of educational supply and demand in Africa 864.3.1 Primary education 874.3.2 Secondary education 894.3.3 University education 894.3.4 Anthropological obstacles 924.3.5 Institutional, economic and social obstacles 944.4 Conclusion 1014.5 References 101Chapter 5 Sex Selection: Public Policies to Balance the Scales? 105Christophe Z GUILMOTO and Laura RAHM5.1 Introduction 1055.2 Prevalence and evolution of SRB trends 1075.2.1 Sex imbalances at birth across the world 1075.2.2 Determinants of sex imbalances at birth 1095.3 Public policies against gender-biased sex selection 1115.3.1 Policy evolution: from denial to recognition, to global action 1115.3.2 Policy typology 1135.3.3 Policy impact: evidence and knowledge gaps 1165.4 Case study: impact of policy on the SRB in Armenia and Vietnam 1175.4.1 Armenia 1175.4.2 Vietnam 1225.5 Discussion and conclusion 1275.6 References 128Chapter 6 Poverty and Inequalities 133Yves CHARBIT, Mustapha OMRANE and Zakari OUMAROU6.1 Measuring and analyzing poverty and inequalities 1336.1.1 Defining poverty 1346.1.2 Measuring poverty 1356.2 The evolution of poverty 1376.2.1 Means of subsistence around 2015 1376.2.2 The evolution of extreme poverty in the world 1386.2.3 Health and poverty 1396.3 Poverty in Niger 1446.3.1 The sociodemographic characteristics of households 1466.3.2 Poverty and the labor market 1486.3.3 Food insecurity in 2011 1496.4 Conclusion: toward a new poverty indicator? 1526.5 References 153Chapter 7 Mental Health: An Underestimated Development Issue 155Véronique PETIT7.1 Introduction 1557.2 Inclusion of mental health in overall health 1567.2.1 Genealogy of an international mobilization 1567.2.2 The global morbidity burden 1587.2.3 Lack of mobilization and investment in mental health 1607.2.4 The costs of mental disorders 1637.2.5 Mental health in the demographic and epidemiological transitions 1657.3 Senegal, an emblematic case of the situation in African countries 1677.3.1 Colonial heritage: the Fann school 1677.3.2 The care supply: insufficient and unevenly distributed 1717.3.3 Therapeutic pathways and adherence to treatment 1747.4 Conclusion: a fight that still has to be waged 1767.5 References 177Chapter 8 Migration Remittances and Development 183Serge FELD8.1 Introduction 1838.2 Volume and trends in remittance movements 1848.2.1 The global level 1848.2.2 The regional level and the national level 1878.3 The consequences for households: poverty, health, education 1958.3.1 Poverty reduction 1958.3.2 Poverty reduction 1978.3.3 Consumption expenditure or investment? A false dilemma 1988.3.4 Health and education 2018.4 Conclusion: remittances, a development policy instrument 2048.5 References 205Chapter 9 Climate Change and Demography 213Sabine HENRY9.1 Introduction 2139.2 Climate change as analyzed by the IPCC 2149.2.1 The IPCC approach 2149.2.2 Summary of the main results of IPCC reports 2169.2.3 The geography of climate change impact 2179.2.4 Scenarios for the future 2189.3 The impacts of climate change on demographic factors 2209.3.1 Fertility and its inevitable inertia 2219.3.2 Climate-related mortality and morbidity 2239.3.3 Environmental migrations: a problem to be solved or a solution to be explored? 2269.4 Trapped populations 2299.5 Conclusion 2329.6 References 233Chapter 10 Population Policies 237John F MAY10.1 Introduction 23710.2 Population policies: processes and mechanisms 24010.2.1 Goals and values 24010.2.2 Demographic data and variables amenable to interventions 24110.2.3 Policy levers and instruments 24210.2.4 Population policy process 24310.2.5 Policy actors and stakeholders 24410.2.6 Policies, priorities and methods 24610.2.7 Funding and monitoring and evaluation 24710.3 Population policies: empirical evidence 24810.3.1 Asia: China, Indonesia and Iran 24910.3.2 Sub-Saharan Africa 25210.3.3 More developed countries 25310.4 Conclusion 25510.5 References 257Conclusion: Is Population Really the Problem? 261Yves CHARBITList of Authors 279Index 281