Metallic Resources 1

Sophie Decrée is a geologist at the Geological Survey of Belgium (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences). As a specialist in metallogeny, her research has for many years focused on critical raw materials, primarily in Europe and Africa.

• Chapter 1 The Rare Earth Resources of Europe and Greenland: Mining Potential and Challenges 1Nicolas CHARLES, Johann TUDURI, Gaétan LEFEBVRE, Olivier POURRET, Fabrice GAILLARD and Kathryn GOODENOUGH1.1 Introduction 11.2 The extreme diversity of rare earths 31.2.1 Rare earth elements 31.2.2 Rare earth minerals 61.3 The economy of rare earths in the world and their place in Europe 91.3.1 The application domains for rare earths 91.3.2 The evolution of prices 111.3.3 Europe in the rare earth economy 141.4 Classification of rare earth deposits 161.4.1 Primary endogenous deposits 171.4.2 Secondary exogenous deposits 191.5 Rare earths deposits in Europe 201.5.1 Rare earth indices in the Baltic shield 221.5.2 The rare earths indices of the Caledonides 521.5.3 Rare earth occurrences in the Variscan belt 561.5.4 Rare earths indices from the Mesozoic 641.5.5 Rare earth occurrences from the Cenozoic and Quaternary 681.6 The rare earths deposits of Greenland 781.6.1 The alkaline provinces of the Archean (2,750–2,700 Ma) 791.6.2 Paleoproterozoic deposits at Karrat (NIAQ and UMIA) 801.6.3 Pegmatites from the late Paleoproterozoic (1,800–1,785 Ma) 821.6.4 Gardar Mesoproterozoic alkaline province 821.6.5 Carbonatites from the Neoproterozoic to the Mesozoic (southwestern Greenland) 881.6.6 Milne Land Jurassic‒Cretaceous REE-Ti-Zr paleoplacer 911.6.7 Alkaline complexes from the Paleogene (central and eastern Greenland) 921.7 The origin of the rare earth deposits in Europe and Greenland 941.7.1 Partial melting and crystal fractionation 941.7.2 Chlorinity of hydrothermal systems 961.7.3 Exogenous rare earth cycle 971.8 Strengths and weaknesses of rare earths deposits in Europe and Greenland 1001.9 Conclusion 1061.10 Acknowledgments 1061.11 References 107Chapter 2 The Cornubian Batholith: Post-Collisional Variscan Granites and Resources 143Robin SHAIL and Beth SIMONS2.1 Introduction 1432.2 Tectonic context of magmatism and resources 1462.2.1 Variscan tectonics 1462.2.2 Post-Variscan tectonics 1472.3 Lamprophyres and basalts 1482.4 The Cornubian Batholith and associated felsic igneous rocks 1502.4.1 Geophysical data 1502.4.2 Field occurrence 1512.4.3 Mineralogical and textural variation 1602.4.4 Mineral chemistry 1652.4.5 Whole-rock geochemistry 1662.4.6 Geochronology 1672.4.7 Synthesis 1682.5 Granite-related mineralization 1732.5.1 Disseminated magmatic mineralization 1752.5.2 Pegmatites 1762.5.3 Replacement deposits 1762.5.4 Mineralization associated with greisen and potassic alteration 1792.5.5 Tourmaline-dominated veins, lodes and intrusive breccias 1812.5.6 Polymetallic sulfide lodes 1842.5.7 Mineralization models 1852.6 Post-granite mineralization 1912.6.1 Cross-course mineralization 1912.6.2 Five-element (Co-Ni-Bi-As-Ag) and uranium mineralization 1932.6.3 Hydrocarbons 1932.7 China clay 1932.8 The past, present and future of the resources sector in SW England 1952.8.1 W, Sn, Cu 1952.8.2 Lithium micas (St Austell granite) 1992.8.3 Deep geothermal energy 2002.8.4 Lithium brines 2012.8.5 Industrial minerals, aggregates and building stones 2022.9 Environmental, cultural and social impact of mining 2032.10 References 204Chapter 3 The W Deposit at Panasqueira (Portugal): A Critical Bibliographical Review 221Christian MARIGNAC and Michel CATHELINEAU3.1 Introduction 2213.2 Geological context 2233.2.1 Regional context 2233.2.2 Local geological setting 2253.2.3 Mineralized vein system 2273.2.4 The RMG granitic suite at Panasqueira 2343.3 Relative chronology of the alteration and mineralization stages 2373.3.1 Historical overview and methodological considerations 2373.3.2 The paragenetic succession at Panasqueira 2403.3.3 Wallrock alterations 2663.3.4 Consequences and implications of revising the paragenesis 2673.3.5 Absolute chronology 2693.4 The opening of the veins 2713.4.1 The opening conditions 2713.4.2 The origin of the flat joints 2723.4.3 The place of flat joints in the regional history 2763.5 P and T conditions at the early and late stages 2783.5.1 The early stages (stages I–III) 2783.5.2 Late stages (stages IV–V) 2823.6 Characterization of the origin of fluids 2843.6.1 Geochemical arguments: the early stages (I to III-A) 2853.6.2 Geochemical arguments: the late stages (III-B, IV, V) 2873.6.3 Mass balances and the source of the fluids 2943.6.4 Presence of a magmatic component 2953.7 Role of the Panasqueira granites 2953.8 Panasqueira: a magmatic and hydrothermal system of crustal scale 2983.9 References 302Appendix 1 The Rare Earth Resources of Europe and Greenland: Mining Potential and Challenges 313Nicolas CHARLES, Johann TUDURI, Gaétan LEFEBVRE, Olivier POURRET, Fabrice GAILLARD and Kathryn GOODENOUGHAppendix 2 The Cornubian Batholith: Post-Collisional Variscan Granites and Resources 325Robin SHAIL and Beth SIMONSAppendix 3 The Panasqueira W Deposit (Portugal): A Critical Bibliographic Review 329Christian MARIGNAC and Michel CATHELINEAUList of Authors 353Index 355Summary of Volume 2 363