Cédric Laurent is a university professor who teaches mechanics in engineering schools, and is a researcher in biomechanics at the University of Lorraine, France. His research activities focus mainly on the mechanical behavior of soft tissues.Claude Verdier is a Research Director at CNRS, France, former director of the GDR Mécabio, and former chairman of Section 9 of the Comité national de la recherche scientifique (CoNRS).

• Preface xiCédric LAURENTIntroduction: Mechanics of Living Tissues: Applications, Challenges and Methods xiiiCédric LAURENTChapter 1. Biomechanics of the Liver: Characterizations, Modeling and Clinical Applications 1Simon CHATELIN, Philippe GARTEISER and Bernard E. VAN BEERS1.1. Anatomy and clinical issues 11.2. Experimental biomechanical characterizations 51.3. Elastography for the diagnosis of fibrosis, cirrhosis, inflammation and liver tumors 121.4. Mechanical modeling 171.5. Conclusion and outlook 211.6. Acknowledgments 211.7. References 22Chapter 2. Biomechanics of the Skin: Characterizations, Modeling and Scalp Applications 33Yves VALLET and Cédric LAURENT2.1. Anatomy and properties of the skin 342.2. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the skin 372.3. Imaging of the skin 452.4. Modeling the mechanical behavior of the skin 472.5. A special case: the scalp 502.6. References 54Chapter 3. Biomechanics of the Cornea 65Chloé GIRAUDET and Jean-Marc ALLAIN3.1. Anatomy and clinical problems 653.2. Experimental characterization 723.3. Modeling mechanical behavior 863.4. Biomaterials 883.5. Acknowledgements 893.6. References 89Chapter 4. Biomechanical Modeling of the Human Tongue 95Maxime CALKA, Pascal PERRIER, Michel ROCHETTE and Yohan PAYAN4.1. Introduction 954.2. Anatomy of the tongue: environment, topology and partitioning 964.3. State of the art on biomechanical modeling of the human tongue 984.4. Our 3D FE model of the human tongue 1004.5. Numerical simulations 1044.6. Discussion 1114.7. Perspective: model order reduction for real-time simulation 1124.8. Conclusion 1124.9. References 113Chapter 5. Biomechanical Characterization of the Disc of the Temporomandibular Joint 117Lara TAPPERT, Adrien BALDIT and Pawel LIPINSKI5.1. Anatomical and geometric description of the temporomandibular joint and its discs 1185.2. Biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint disc 1265.3. Perspectives on the study of the temporomandibular joint disc 1415.4. References 142Chapter 6. Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc 149Pascal SWIDER6.1. Introduction 1496.2. Anatomy of the spine, disc and clinical issues 1506.3. IVD modeling 1596.4. IVD and therapeutic strategies. 1606.5. Conclusion and outlook 1616.6. References 161Chapter 7. Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) 169Cédric LAURENT7.1. Introduction: ACL physiology and pathologies 1697.2. Mechanical characterization of the ACL 1747.3. Biomechanical modeling of the ACL 1807.4. Toward tissue engineering of the ACL 1857.5. References 190Chapter 8. Mechanoregulation in Soft Biological Tissues: Application to the Development of Arterial Calcifications 203Madge MARTIN, Claire MORIN and Stéphane AVRIL8.1. Introduction 2038.2. Mechanoregulation of arteries 2098.3. Biochemistry of MAC 2188.4. Conclusion 2338.5. References 234Chapter 9. Biomechanics of Bone Tissue and Its Interactions with Surrounding Tissues 247Émilie SAPIN-DE BROSSES and David MITTON9.1. Introduction 2479.2. Anatomy and physiology of bone from the macroscopic to the molecular scale 2489.3. Bone tissue imaging and key morphological features 2539.4. Mechanical behavior of bone and characterization methods 2569.5. Interactions of bone tissue with surrounding tissues, and clinical implications 2669.6. Conclusion and outlook 2709.7. References 271Conclusion 279Cédric LAURENTList of Authors 299Index 303

Cédric Laurent is a university professor who teaches mechanics in engineering schools, and is a researcher in biomechanics at the University of Lorraine, France. His research activities focus mainly on the mechanical behavior of soft tissues.Claude Verdier is a Research Director at CNRS, France, former director of the GDR Mécabio, and former chairman of Section 9 of the Comité national de la recherche scientifique (CoNRS).

• Preface xiCédric LAURENTIntroduction: Mechanics of Living Tissues: Applications, Challenges and Methods xiiiCédric LAURENTChapter 1. Biomechanics of the Liver: Characterizations, Modeling and Clinical Applications 1Simon CHATELIN, Philippe GARTEISER and Bernard E. VAN BEERS1.1. Anatomy and clinical issues 11.2. Experimental biomechanical characterizations 51.3. Elastography for the diagnosis of fibrosis, cirrhosis, inflammation and liver tumors 121.4. Mechanical modeling 171.5. Conclusion and outlook 211.6. Acknowledgments 211.7. References 22Chapter 2. Biomechanics of the Skin: Characterizations, Modeling and Scalp Applications 33Yves VALLET and Cédric LAURENT2.1. Anatomy and properties of the skin 342.2. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the skin 372.3. Imaging of the skin 452.4. Modeling the mechanical behavior of the skin 472.5. A special case: the scalp 502.6. References 54Chapter 3. Biomechanics of the Cornea 65Chloé GIRAUDET and Jean-Marc ALLAIN3.1. Anatomy and clinical problems 653.2. Experimental characterization 723.3. Modeling mechanical behavior 863.4. Biomaterials 883.5. Acknowledgements 893.6. References 89Chapter 4. Biomechanical Modeling of the Human Tongue 95Maxime CALKA, Pascal PERRIER, Michel ROCHETTE and Yohan PAYAN4.1. Introduction 954.2. Anatomy of the tongue: environment, topology and partitioning 964.3. State of the art on biomechanical modeling of the human tongue 984.4. Our 3D FE model of the human tongue 1004.5. Numerical simulations 1044.6. Discussion 1114.7. Perspective: model order reduction for real-time simulation 1124.8. Conclusion 1124.9. References 113Chapter 5. Biomechanical Characterization of the Disc of the Temporomandibular Joint 117Lara TAPPERT, Adrien BALDIT and Pawel LIPINSKI5.1. Anatomical and geometric description of the temporomandibular joint and its discs 1185.2. Biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint disc 1265.3. Perspectives on the study of the temporomandibular joint disc 1415.4. References 142Chapter 6. Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc 149Pascal SWIDER6.1. Introduction 1496.2. Anatomy of the spine, disc and clinical issues 1506.3. IVD modeling 1596.4. IVD and therapeutic strategies. 1606.5. Conclusion and outlook 1616.6. References 161Chapter 7. Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) 169Cédric LAURENT7.1. Introduction: ACL physiology and pathologies 1697.2. Mechanical characterization of the ACL 1747.3. Biomechanical modeling of the ACL 1807.4. Toward tissue engineering of the ACL 1857.5. References 190Chapter 8. Mechanoregulation in Soft Biological Tissues: Application to the Development of Arterial Calcifications 203Madge MARTIN, Claire MORIN and Stéphane AVRIL8.1. Introduction 2038.2. Mechanoregulation of arteries 2098.3. Biochemistry of MAC 2188.4. Conclusion 2338.5. References 234Chapter 9. Biomechanics of Bone Tissue and Its Interactions with Surrounding Tissues 247Émilie SAPIN-DE BROSSES and David MITTON9.1. Introduction 2479.2. Anatomy and physiology of bone from the macroscopic to the molecular scale 2489.3. Bone tissue imaging and key morphological features 2539.4. Mechanical behavior of bone and characterization methods 2569.5. Interactions of bone tissue with surrounding tissues, and clinical implications 2669.6. Conclusion and outlook 2709.7. References 271Conclusion 279Cédric LAURENTList of Authors 299Index 303

Cédric Laurent is a university professor who teaches mechanics in engineering schools, and is a researcher in biomechanics at the University of Lorraine, France. His research activities focus mainly on the mechanical behavior of soft tissues.Claude Verdier is a Research Director at CNRS, France, former director of the GDR Mécabio, and former chairman of Section 9 of the Comité national de la recherche scientifique (CoNRS).

• Preface xiCédric LAURENTIntroduction: Mechanics of Living Tissues: Applications, Challenges and Methods xiiiCédric LAURENTChapter 1. Biomechanics of the Liver: Characterizations, Modeling and Clinical Applications 1Simon CHATELIN, Philippe GARTEISER and Bernard E. VAN BEERS1.1. Anatomy and clinical issues 11.2. Experimental biomechanical characterizations 51.3. Elastography for the diagnosis of fibrosis, cirrhosis, inflammation and liver tumors 121.4. Mechanical modeling 171.5. Conclusion and outlook 211.6. Acknowledgments 211.7. References 22Chapter 2. Biomechanics of the Skin: Characterizations, Modeling and Scalp Applications 33Yves VALLET and Cédric LAURENT2.1. Anatomy and properties of the skin 342.2. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the skin 372.3. Imaging of the skin 452.4. Modeling the mechanical behavior of the skin 472.5. A special case: the scalp 502.6. References 54Chapter 3. Biomechanics of the Cornea 65Chloé GIRAUDET and Jean-Marc ALLAIN3.1. Anatomy and clinical problems 653.2. Experimental characterization 723.3. Modeling mechanical behavior 863.4. Biomaterials 883.5. Acknowledgements 893.6. References 89Chapter 4. Biomechanical Modeling of the Human Tongue 95Maxime CALKA, Pascal PERRIER, Michel ROCHETTE and Yohan PAYAN4.1. Introduction 954.2. Anatomy of the tongue: environment, topology and partitioning 964.3. State of the art on biomechanical modeling of the human tongue 984.4. Our 3D FE model of the human tongue 1004.5. Numerical simulations 1044.6. Discussion 1114.7. Perspective: model order reduction for real-time simulation 1124.8. Conclusion 1124.9. References 113Chapter 5. Biomechanical Characterization of the Disc of the Temporomandibular Joint 117Lara TAPPERT, Adrien BALDIT and Pawel LIPINSKI5.1. Anatomical and geometric description of the temporomandibular joint and its discs 1185.2. Biomechanics of the temporomandibular joint disc 1265.3. Perspectives on the study of the temporomandibular joint disc 1415.4. References 142Chapter 6. Biomechanics of the Intervertebral Disc 149Pascal SWIDER6.1. Introduction 1496.2. Anatomy of the spine, disc and clinical issues 1506.3. IVD modeling 1596.4. IVD and therapeutic strategies. 1606.5. Conclusion and outlook 1616.6. References 161Chapter 7. Biomechanics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) 169Cédric LAURENT7.1. Introduction: ACL physiology and pathologies 1697.2. Mechanical characterization of the ACL 1747.3. Biomechanical modeling of the ACL 1807.4. Toward tissue engineering of the ACL 1857.5. References 190Chapter 8. Mechanoregulation in Soft Biological Tissues: Application to the Development of Arterial Calcifications 203Madge MARTIN, Claire MORIN and Stéphane AVRIL8.1. Introduction 2038.2. Mechanoregulation of arteries 2098.3. Biochemistry of MAC 2188.4. Conclusion 2338.5. References 234Chapter 9. Biomechanics of Bone Tissue and Its Interactions with Surrounding Tissues 247Émilie SAPIN-DE BROSSES and David MITTON9.1. Introduction 2479.2. Anatomy and physiology of bone from the macroscopic to the molecular scale 2489.3. Bone tissue imaging and key morphological features 2539.4. Mechanical behavior of bone and characterization methods 2569.5. Interactions of bone tissue with surrounding tissues, and clinical implications 2669.6. Conclusion and outlook 2709.7. References 271Conclusion 279Cédric LAURENTList of Authors 299Index 303