Elgar Encyclopedia of Crime and Criminal Justice

Edited by Pedro Caeiro, Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, University of Coimbra, Portugal, Sabine Gless, Professor of Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure Law, University of Basel, Switzerland and Valsamis Mitsilegas, Professor of European and Global Law, Dean of the School of Law and Social Justice, University of Liverpool, UK; Co-coordinator of the European Criminal Law Academic Network (ECLAN)With Miguel João Costa, Janneke De Snaijer and Georgia Theodorakakou

• ContentsAbolitionismMargaux CoquetAbortionAna Cristina González Vélez and JoannaN ErdmanActus ReusJohannes KeilerAdministrative Punitive LawLysandre PapadopoulosAdversarial and Inquisitorial CriminalProcedureMichele CaianielloAggravating and MitigatingCircumstancesAnabela Miranda RodriguesAlibiRicardo Nieuwkamp and Lore MergaertsAngolaLuzia Bebiana de Almeida SebastiãoApartheidMax du PlessisArea of Freedom, Security and JusticeAnne WeyemberghArt and CrimeSaskia HufnagelArtificial IntelligenceEric HilgendorfAssisted DyingAndrew SandersAsylumYewa S HolidayAttemptLeandro DiasAustraliaClive Harfield and Simon BronittAut Dedere Aut JudicareMiguel João CostaAutomationMonika SimmlerBankruptcySusana Aires de SousaBatteryPaul BergmanBrazilHeloisa Estellita and Mariana TumbioloTosiCanadaRobert J Currie and Adelina IfteneCauses of CrimeSalo de Carvalho and AndréGiamberardinoCesare BeccariaMaria Gigliola di Renzo VillataCesare LombrosoJanneke de SnaijerChileCarla SepúlvedaCivil LawAniceto Masferrer and Mark A SammutSassiCoercionSusan SM EdwardsCoercive MeasuresStacie St LouisColombiaGiuseppe M FazariColonial Criminal LawStacey Hynd, Thaïs Gendry and MelikeBatgiray AbboudCommittal ProceedingsTshepo Bogosiboile Mosaka and PamelaJane SchwikkardCommon LawRudi Fortson KCCompensation/DamagesEmily SilvermanComplianceAdán Nieto MartínConcurrence of OffencesAntonio Cuerda RiezuConfessionGisli H GudjonssonConfiscationJohan BouchtConflict of DutiesFrancesco ViganòConsent (Civil Law)Marc ThommenConsent (Common Law)Dennis Baker and Xiaoxiao WangControl Theory (of Perpetration)Martin Heger and Anneke PetzscheControlled DeliveryFrank VerbruggenCorporate Criminal LiabilityVincenzo MilitelloCouncil of EuropeStefanie SchmahlCounterfeiting CurrenciesCiro GrandiCourt of Justice of the European UnionMattias DerlénCrime and Criminal Law (Theories on)Luís GrecoCrime of AggressionCarrie McDougallCrimes against HumanityLeila Nadya SadatCrimes under International LawKai AmbosCriminal Canon LawMark Hill KC and Norman DoeCriminal DangerousnessYves CartuyvelsCriminal DefamationEric P RobinsonCriminal Law and EconomicsNuno GaroupaCriminal Liability for Political Decision-MakingFrank Zimmermann and Ronja ZerbstCriminal PolicyNina PeršakCriminal RecordAlessandro CordaCriminalization and DecriminalizationLindsay FarmerCriminologyTasniem AnwarCrimmigrationNiovi VavoulaCroatiaElizabeta Ivičević Karas and MajaMunivranaCulpabilityJørn JacobsenCybercrimeJonathan CloughCzech RepublicIvo Šlosarčík and Tomáš GřivnaData TheftDominik BrodowskiDeath PenaltyLuis Arroyo ZapateroDefence AttorneyJaime Campaner MuñozDefence RightsSabine GlessDefencesLuís Duarte d‘AlmeidaDemocratic Republic of the CongoDunia P ZongweDetentionAdriano MartufiDismissal ProceedingsTshepo Bogosiboile Mosaka and PamelaJane SchwikkardDrug OffencesRenaud ColsonDue Process and Fair TrialCarsten Momsen and Marco WillumatDuressMiriam Gur-AryeEgyptMohamed ‘ArafaElectronic EvidenceKatalin LigetiEmergency LawsStefan BraumEnemy Criminal Law (Feindstrafrecht)Mariona LlobetEngland and WalesJeffrey KennedyEntrapmentDaniel J Hill, Stephen K McLeodand Attila TanyiEnvironmental CrimeYing Lan and Michael FaureEU Bodies Active in the Fight againstCrimeFabio GiuffridaEuropean Arrest WarrantChristine Janssens and Susana FonteEuropean Convention on Human Rightsand European Court of Human RightsFrank MeyerEuropean Criminal LawValsamis Mitsilegas and Pedro CaeiroEvidence (Types of )Alexander HeinzeEvidence and ProofSabine GlessExpulsion and DeportationNicolette BusuttilExtradition and SurrenderSteven DewulfExtraordinary Chambers in the Courtsof Cambodia (ECCC)John D CiorciariExtraordinary RenditionElspeth GuildFair LabellingGary BettsFeminismAya GruberFinancial Action Task Force (FATF)Janneke de SnaijerFinancial CrimeAthanasia DionysopoulouFinesPatricia Faraldo CabanaFinlandKimmo NuotioFlagrante Delicto (In)Nicolás Rodríguez-García and Ana ECarrillo del TesoForced MarriageAleksandra JolkinaForecasting ModelsDebora EG Moolenaar, Frank P vanTulder, Sunil Choenni and Mortaza SBarghForensic ScienceLoene HowesForgeryAna GuerreiroFranceJocelyne Leblois-HappeFranz von LisztTarik Güng.r and Jonas MenneFraudMaria Krambia-Kapardis and AndreasKapardisFulfilment of a Legal Duty, DueObedience and Superior OrdersNuno BrandãoFunction of the Criminal LawAntónio Manuel de Almeida-CostaGenderPatricia Faraldo-CabanaGeneral Principles of CriminalProcedureGiulio IlluminatiGenocideCarlos Eduardo Adriano Japiassú andAna Lúcia Tavares FerreiraGermanyThomas WeigendGlobalization and Criminal LawLeandro Mancano and Grant BarclayGreeceMaria Kaiafa-Gbandi, NikolaosChatzinikolaou and Athina SachoulidouHabeas CorpusDan Frände and Esko Yli-HemminkiHarm PrincipleRichard Allen EpsteinHate CrimesPhyllis B GerstenfeldHenri Donnedieu de VabresInês Ferreira LeiteHistory of (Western) Criminal LawAniceto MasferrerHomicideMichael T CahillHong Kong (SAR)Amanda WhitfortHumanitarian LawRobert RothHungaryAndrás CsúriHybrid Criminal LawMathias HolvoetIllegal Wildlife TradeJanneke de SnaijerImmunitiesPaola GaetaImprisonmentMaria João Antunes and Miguel JoãoCostaImpunityLeo ZaibertImputationSusana Aires de SousaInchoate OffencesJJ Child and Adrian HuntIndiaNikunj KulshreshthaIndictmentPamela Jane Schwikkard and TshepoBogosiboile MosakaIndigenous Criminal Law (Africa)Jacques MattheeIndigenous Criminal Law (Australasia)Asmi Wood and Faith GordonIndustrial EspionageCathrine KonopatschInternational Cooperation in Time ofEmergencyWillem GeelhoedInternational Criminal Court (ICC)Paola GaetaInternational Criminal LawFabricio Guariglia and Matthew CrossInternational Criminal Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia (ICTY)Kei Hannah BrodersenInternational Criminal Tribunal forRwanda (ICTR)Mathias HolvoetInternational Criminal Tribunals(Overview)Eugene KontorovichInternational Judicial Cooperation inCriminal Matters (Overview)Robert J CurrieInternational Military Tribunal(Nuremberg)Manon Céline SimonInternational Military Tribunal for theFar East (Tokyo)Miguel Manero de Lemos and StenVerhoevenInternational OrganizationsFrank MeyerINTERPOL and International PoliceCooperationGiulio CalcaraIntrastate CooperationMaria Ludwiczak GlasseyInvestigation and InquiryThomas WahlIrelandGer Coffey and Shane KilcomminsIslamic Criminal LawSilvia TellenbachIsraelShachar EldarItalyMarta MinettiIus PuniendiChristoph BurchardJapanKodai HashimotoJewish Criminal LawShai WoznerJoint Criminal EnterpriseCharlotte HenryJudges and MagistratesJuliette TricotJudgment and VerdictMaria Filatova and Aleksandr EvseevJurisdictionMartin BöseJury SystemNancy S MarderKidnappingSusan SM EdwardsKosovo Specialist Chambers andSpecialist Prosecutor’s OfficeKei Hannah BrodersenLaw Enforcement Intelligence andIntelligence-led PolicingThierry DelpeuchLaw and MoralsJohan van der WaltLegal AidSimon RiceLegal InterestMaria Kaiafa-Gbandi, Athina Sachoulidouand Nikolaos ChatzinikolaouLegal JudgeMasha Fedorova and Sophie MommersLegality (Principle of )Juan Antonio Lascuraín SánchezLegality (Procedural) vs OpportunityKatja Šugman Stubbs and Miha HafnerLithuaniaGintaras ŠvedasLynchingRobert W ThurstonMacao (SAR)Miguel Manero de LemosMaritime PiracyTamsin Phillipa PaigeMediationMaria R VolpeMens ReaJørn JacobsenMental Illness and CriminalResponsibilityLinda GröningMexicoOctavio Rodríguez FerreiraMigrant SmugglingStefano ZiruliaMiscarriage of Justice and MistrialAngus NurseMisprision of FelonyGary LilienthalMistake of Fact and Mistake of LawChristoph BurchardMoney LaunderingFoivi MouzakitiMutual Legal AssistanceMartin BöseMutual Recognition and Mutual TrustValsamis MitsilegasNamibiaDunia P ZongweNe Bis in IdemJoske Graat and Michiel LuchtmanNecessityArmin EngländerNecessity (Foundations of )Gary LilienthalNeo-Colonial Criminal LawRes SchuerchNetherlands (The)Jeroen ten VoordeNeuroscienceLinda Gröning and Unn K HaukvikNew PenologyDavid HayesNew ZealandJulia Tolmie and Khylee QuinceNorwayJørn JacobsenOffences of Endangerment (Actual andAbstract Danger)Maria Kaiafa Gbandi, AthinaSachoulidou and NikolaosChatzinikolaouOffences against the StateMichael HeadOmissionFabio Roberto D’Avila and RodrigoMoraes de OliveiraOrganized CrimeAnna SergiPardon, Amnesty and Other Exemptionsfrom PunishmentAndrew Novak and Josepha CloseParticipation, Principalship andComplicityMatthew Dyson and Carla SepúlvedaPaul Johann Anselm Ritter vonFeuerbachEric HilgendorfPenal GuaranteeismCláudia SantosPenal Orders and AbbreviatedProceedingsMarc ThommenPenal PopulismJohn Pratt and Hun-Young LeePeople’s Republic of ChinaShi YananPersona Non GrataEdward Chukwuemeke OkekePlea Bargaining and Guilty PleaWilliam OrtmanPolandKarolina KremensPolitical OffencesSteven DewulfPornographyManuel Cancio MeliáPortugalCristina Líbano MonteiroPresumption of InnocenceMario CateriniPrinciples of EU Law and DomesticCriminal LawRosaria SicurellaPrisonJoão CostaPrison in Time of EmergencyLaura ScomparinPrivatization of Criminal JusticeFrancisco Schertel Mendes and AlaorLeitePrivilege against Self-Incrimination(Nemo Tenetur)Anne SchneiderProbable CauseLorena Bachmaier WinterProcedural Rights in Time of EmergencyBelinda Bennett and Ian FreckeltonProfilingAmy Burrell, Chelsea Slater and KariDaviesProperty OffencesFrank Peter SchusterProportionality (Principle of )Emmanouil Billis and Nandor KnustProsecution and ProsecutorsJuliette TricotProstitutionTeresa Pizarro Beleza and HelenaPereira de MeloPsychiatric InternmentMaria João AntunesPunishment (Theories on)Antje du Bois-PedainRecidivismJocelyne Leblois-HappeRecognition of Foreign SentencesStefanie BockRegional Judicial Cooperation inCriminal Matters: Mainland China,Hong Kong and MacaoMiguel Manero de Lemos and Simon NMYoungRegional Judicial Cooperation inCriminal Matters: the Nordic ArrestWarrantKarri TolttilaRehabilitationAdán Nieto MartínRestorative JusticeSalo de Carvalho and AndréGiamberardinoRestrictive MeasuresWillem Geelhoed, Viktor Szépand Ramses A WesselRomaniaJohanna RinceanuRule of LawMichał PenoRussiaGennady EsakovSanctions (Types of Criminal)Francesco MazzacuvaSecrecy in Criminal ProceedingsGreg MartinSecurity Measures and PreventiveMeasuresJessie BlackbournSelf-defenceHector Garcia de la TorreSentencingNicola PadfieldSexual OffencesStuart P GreenSingaporeKumaralingam AmirthalingamSlaveryNicole SillerSloveniaMiha Hafner and Katja Šugman StubbsSocialist Criminal Law (Historic)Andrea KluknavskáSouth AfricaGerhard KempSpainRamon RaguésSpecial Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)Valerie OosterveldSpecial Panels for Serious Crimes in EastTimorPedro Caeiro and Inês FreixoSpecial Status Offences (Delicta Propria)Mario Alberto VillarSpecial Tribunal for Lebanon (STL)Olga KavranStatute of LimitationsVittorio ManesSuspect and DefendantGiulia LasagniSwedenMaria BergströmTaiwanKai-Ping SuTemporal Application of the CriminalLawAnnika Suominen and Dan FrändeTerrorism and Financing of TerrorismClive Walker and Mariona LlobetTherapeutic JurisprudenceWarren BrookbanksTort and CrimeMatthew Dyson and Marta PantaleónDíazTorture and Other Forms of Ill-TreatmentMarta Pinto da CruzTrafficking in Human BeingsAlexis A AronowitzTransitional JusticeAgustina Becerra VazquezTransnational Criminal LawNeil BoisterTrialsCaleb WheelerTürkiyeFeridun YeniseyUndercover InvestigationClive Harfield and Simon BronittUnited Nations and InternationalCriminal JusticeMiguel Manero de LemosUSAStephen C ThamanVictim and VictimologyJean Pierre MatusWar CrimesRaphaël JakobWhistleblowingCarsten Momsen and Paula BenedictWhite-Collar CrimePetter GottschalkWitnessMaría Ángeles Pérez MarínWitness ProtectionJosé Mouraz LopesYoung OffendersFrank Neubacher