Edited by Ivana Dobrotić, Associate Professor of Comparative Social Policy, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Croatia, Sonja Blum, Acting Associate Professor for Comparative Politics and Public Policy, Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Germany and Alison Koslowski, Professor of Social Policy and Director of the Thomas Coram Research Unit, University College London, UK

‘This cutting-edge collection deftly explores the past and future of parenting leave policy. The authors – an interdisciplinary who’s who in leave policy research – tackle the complexities of parenting leave with a keen focus on social inequalities, broadly defined. Its fresh focus on new frontiers in policy development and research will be generative of research for years to come.’

• Contents:1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on Leave Policy: Parenting andSocial Inequalities in a Global Perspective 1Ivana Dobrotić, Sonja Blum and Alison KoslowskiPART I CONCEPTUAL AND ANALYTICAL CHALLENGES INLEAVE POLICY RESEARCH2 A short history of leave policy research in higher income countries 14Fred Deven and Peter Moss3 Locating parenting leaves in gender and welfare state analysis 27Rossella Ciccia4 Grasping the character of parenting leave policies in space and time 40Anna Kurowska5 How to improve comparative parenting leave policy indicators? 54Adeline Otto, Alžběta Bártová and Wim Van LanckerPART II ANALYSING THE DRIVERS OF LEAVE POLICIES:POLITICS AND IDEAS6 Parenting leave policies and a global social policy agenda 68Margaret O’Brien and Merve Uzunalioglu7 The (new) politics of leave policymaking 83Agnes Blome8 Leave policies in populist and illiberal regimes: the cases of Hungaryand Poland 100Dorota Szelewa and Dorottya Szikra9 The role of ideas in parenting leaves: the case of gender equality and itspoliticization in Finland 115Mikael Nygård and Josefine NybyPART III ASSESSING THE OUTCOMES OF LEAVE POLICIES10 Measuring the impacts of parenting leaves: grappling with conceptualand methodological complexities 128Andrea Doucet and Ann-Zofie Duvander11 How parenting leaves impact parental employment, family work, andgender norms: a literature review 142Pia S. Schober and Silke Büchau12 Do leave policies impact fertility? The case of immigrants fromlow-fertility countries in Sweden 156Eleonora Mussino13 Fathers, fathering and parental leaves 174Berit Brandth, Brita Bungum and Elin KvandePART IV LEAVE POLICIES IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE14 Gender equality and parenting leaves in Finland: a different pathwaytowards the ‘Nordic’ leave policy model 188Johanna Lammi-Taskula15 Trajectories of modernization of parenting leave policies withincontinental Europe: similarities and unexpected differences 202Mara A. Yerkes, Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Wim Van Lancker16 Trends towards de-gendering leave use in Spain and Portugal 219Gerardo Meil, Karin Wall, Susana Atalaia and Anna Escobedo17 Generous but unequal: the contradictions of parenting leaves in theBaltic States 232Marre Karu18 Legacies of an Antipodean model? Parenting leave policy trajectories inAustralia and New Zealand 245Gillian Whitehouse, Marian Baird and Suzy Morrissey19 Disparities in access to paid leave in the US: differences betweenparenting and other types of leaves 258Richard J. Petts, Cassandra Engeman, Shirley Gatenio Gabel and Gayle Kaufman20 Parenting leave policies in East Asia: developmentalist policy approachand varieties of familialism 276Xuan Li and Lisa Eklund21 Leave policy across Latin America: a story of expansion, plateauingand the need for unconventional instruments 293Gabriela Marzonetto and Juliana Martínez Franzoni22 Colonialism and paid maternity leave policies in sub-Saharan Africa 310Keonhi SonPART V GAPS AND THE FUTURE OF LEAVE POLICY RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT23 Are parenting leaves available for LGBTQ parents? Examining policiesin Canada, Croatia, France, Iceland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom 325Gayle Kaufman, Auður Magndís Auðardóttir, Deni Mazrekaj, Rachael N.Pettigrew, Michael Stambolis-Ruhstorfer, Tanja Vuckovic Juros and Mara A. Yerkes24 The role of employers in reducing the implementation gap in leave policies 338Lena Hipp, Charlotte Schlüter and Stefania Molina25 Employer-provided leaves: paths to more time and money for working parents 353Rosa Daiger von Gleichen26 Broadening our conception of leave: leave to care for self or others overthe life course 368Marian Baird, Myra Hamilton, Daniel Dinale, Lisa Gulesserian andAlexandra Heron27 Leave policy in the time of pandemic: new developments and lessons learned 384Alison Koslowski, Sonja Blum and Ivana Dobrotić28 Leave policy design and inequalities: reconfiguring leave as a social right? 398Sonja Blum, Ivana Dobrotić and Alison KoslowskiIndex 413

Edited by Ivana Dobrotić, Associate Professor of Comparative Social Policy, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Croatia, Sonja Blum, Acting Associate Professor for Comparative Politics and Public Policy, Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Germany and Alison Koslowski, Professor of Social Policy and Director of the Thomas Coram Research Unit, University College London, UK

‘This cutting-edge collection deftly explores the past and future of parenting leave policy. The authors – an interdisciplinary who’s who in leave policy research – tackle the complexities of parenting leave with a keen focus on social inequalities, broadly defined. Its fresh focus on new frontiers in policy development and research will be generative of research for years to come.’

• Contents:1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on Leave Policy: Parenting andSocial Inequalities in a Global Perspective 1Ivana Dobrotić, Sonja Blum and Alison KoslowskiPART I CONCEPTUAL AND ANALYTICAL CHALLENGES INLEAVE POLICY RESEARCH2 A short history of leave policy research in higher income countries 14Fred Deven and Peter Moss3 Locating parenting leaves in gender and welfare state analysis 27Rossella Ciccia4 Grasping the character of parenting leave policies in space and time 40Anna Kurowska5 How to improve comparative parenting leave policy indicators? 54Adeline Otto, Alžběta Bártová and Wim Van LanckerPART II ANALYSING THE DRIVERS OF LEAVE POLICIES:POLITICS AND IDEAS6 Parenting leave policies and a global social policy agenda 68Margaret O’Brien and Merve Uzunalioglu7 The (new) politics of leave policymaking 83Agnes Blome8 Leave policies in populist and illiberal regimes: the cases of Hungaryand Poland 100Dorota Szelewa and Dorottya Szikra9 The role of ideas in parenting leaves: the case of gender equality and itspoliticization in Finland 115Mikael Nygård and Josefine NybyPART III ASSESSING THE OUTCOMES OF LEAVE POLICIES10 Measuring the impacts of parenting leaves: grappling with conceptualand methodological complexities 128Andrea Doucet and Ann-Zofie Duvander11 How parenting leaves impact parental employment, family work, andgender norms: a literature review 142Pia S. Schober and Silke Büchau12 Do leave policies impact fertility? The case of immigrants fromlow-fertility countries in Sweden 156Eleonora Mussino13 Fathers, fathering and parental leaves 174Berit Brandth, Brita Bungum and Elin KvandePART IV LEAVE POLICIES IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE14 Gender equality and parenting leaves in Finland: a different pathwaytowards the ‘Nordic’ leave policy model 188Johanna Lammi-Taskula15 Trajectories of modernization of parenting leave policies withincontinental Europe: similarities and unexpected differences 202Mara A. Yerkes, Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Wim Van Lancker16 Trends towards de-gendering leave use in Spain and Portugal 219Gerardo Meil, Karin Wall, Susana Atalaia and Anna Escobedo17 Generous but unequal: the contradictions of parenting leaves in theBaltic States 232Marre Karu18 Legacies of an Antipodean model? Parenting leave policy trajectories inAustralia and New Zealand 245Gillian Whitehouse, Marian Baird and Suzy Morrissey19 Disparities in access to paid leave in the US: differences betweenparenting and other types of leaves 258Richard J. Petts, Cassandra Engeman, Shirley Gatenio Gabel and Gayle Kaufman20 Parenting leave policies in East Asia: developmentalist policy approachand varieties of familialism 276Xuan Li and Lisa Eklund21 Leave policy across Latin America: a story of expansion, plateauingand the need for unconventional instruments 293Gabriela Marzonetto and Juliana Martínez Franzoni22 Colonialism and paid maternity leave policies in sub-Saharan Africa 310Keonhi SonPART V GAPS AND THE FUTURE OF LEAVE POLICY RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT23 Are parenting leaves available for LGBTQ parents? Examining policiesin Canada, Croatia, France, Iceland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom 325Gayle Kaufman, Auður Magndís Auðardóttir, Deni Mazrekaj, Rachael N.Pettigrew, Michael Stambolis-Ruhstorfer, Tanja Vuckovic Juros and Mara A. Yerkes24 The role of employers in reducing the implementation gap in leave policies 338Lena Hipp, Charlotte Schlüter and Stefania Molina25 Employer-provided leaves: paths to more time and money for working parents 353Rosa Daiger von Gleichen26 Broadening our conception of leave: leave to care for self or others overthe life course 368Marian Baird, Myra Hamilton, Daniel Dinale, Lisa Gulesserian andAlexandra Heron27 Leave policy in the time of pandemic: new developments and lessons learned 384Alison Koslowski, Sonja Blum and Ivana Dobrotić28 Leave policy design and inequalities: reconfiguring leave as a social right? 398Sonja Blum, Ivana Dobrotić and Alison KoslowskiIndex 413

Edited by Ivana Dobrotić, Associate Professor of Comparative Social Policy, Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Croatia, Sonja Blum, Acting Associate Professor for Comparative Politics and Public Policy, Faculty of Sociology, University of Bielefeld, Germany and Alison Koslowski, Professor of Social Policy and Director of the Thomas Coram Research Unit, University College London, UK

‘This cutting-edge collection deftly explores the past and future of parenting leave policy. The authors – an interdisciplinary who’s who in leave policy research – tackle the complexities of parenting leave with a keen focus on social inequalities, broadly defined. Its fresh focus on new frontiers in policy development and research will be generative of research for years to come.’

• Contents:1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on Leave Policy: Parenting andSocial Inequalities in a Global Perspective 1Ivana Dobrotić, Sonja Blum and Alison KoslowskiPART I CONCEPTUAL AND ANALYTICAL CHALLENGES INLEAVE POLICY RESEARCH2 A short history of leave policy research in higher income countries 14Fred Deven and Peter Moss3 Locating parenting leaves in gender and welfare state analysis 27Rossella Ciccia4 Grasping the character of parenting leave policies in space and time 40Anna Kurowska5 How to improve comparative parenting leave policy indicators? 54Adeline Otto, Alžběta Bártová and Wim Van LanckerPART II ANALYSING THE DRIVERS OF LEAVE POLICIES:POLITICS AND IDEAS6 Parenting leave policies and a global social policy agenda 68Margaret O’Brien and Merve Uzunalioglu7 The (new) politics of leave policymaking 83Agnes Blome8 Leave policies in populist and illiberal regimes: the cases of Hungaryand Poland 100Dorota Szelewa and Dorottya Szikra9 The role of ideas in parenting leaves: the case of gender equality and itspoliticization in Finland 115Mikael Nygård and Josefine NybyPART III ASSESSING THE OUTCOMES OF LEAVE POLICIES10 Measuring the impacts of parenting leaves: grappling with conceptualand methodological complexities 128Andrea Doucet and Ann-Zofie Duvander11 How parenting leaves impact parental employment, family work, andgender norms: a literature review 142Pia S. Schober and Silke Büchau12 Do leave policies impact fertility? The case of immigrants fromlow-fertility countries in Sweden 156Eleonora Mussino13 Fathers, fathering and parental leaves 174Berit Brandth, Brita Bungum and Elin KvandePART IV LEAVE POLICIES IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE14 Gender equality and parenting leaves in Finland: a different pathwaytowards the ‘Nordic’ leave policy model 188Johanna Lammi-Taskula15 Trajectories of modernization of parenting leave policies withincontinental Europe: similarities and unexpected differences 202Mara A. Yerkes, Birgit Pfau-Effinger and Wim Van Lancker16 Trends towards de-gendering leave use in Spain and Portugal 219Gerardo Meil, Karin Wall, Susana Atalaia and Anna Escobedo17 Generous but unequal: the contradictions of parenting leaves in theBaltic States 232Marre Karu18 Legacies of an Antipodean model? Parenting leave policy trajectories inAustralia and New Zealand 245Gillian Whitehouse, Marian Baird and Suzy Morrissey19 Disparities in access to paid leave in the US: differences betweenparenting and other types of leaves 258Richard J. Petts, Cassandra Engeman, Shirley Gatenio Gabel and Gayle Kaufman20 Parenting leave policies in East Asia: developmentalist policy approachand varieties of familialism 276Xuan Li and Lisa Eklund21 Leave policy across Latin America: a story of expansion, plateauingand the need for unconventional instruments 293Gabriela Marzonetto and Juliana Martínez Franzoni22 Colonialism and paid maternity leave policies in sub-Saharan Africa 310Keonhi SonPART V GAPS AND THE FUTURE OF LEAVE POLICY RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT23 Are parenting leaves available for LGBTQ parents? Examining policiesin Canada, Croatia, France, Iceland, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom 325Gayle Kaufman, Auður Magndís Auðardóttir, Deni Mazrekaj, Rachael N.Pettigrew, Michael Stambolis-Ruhstorfer, Tanja Vuckovic Juros and Mara A. Yerkes24 The role of employers in reducing the implementation gap in leave policies 338Lena Hipp, Charlotte Schlüter and Stefania Molina25 Employer-provided leaves: paths to more time and money for working parents 353Rosa Daiger von Gleichen26 Broadening our conception of leave: leave to care for self or others overthe life course 368Marian Baird, Myra Hamilton, Daniel Dinale, Lisa Gulesserian andAlexandra Heron27 Leave policy in the time of pandemic: new developments and lessons learned 384Alison Koslowski, Sonja Blum and Ivana Dobrotić28 Leave policy design and inequalities: reconfiguring leave as a social right? 398Sonja Blum, Ivana Dobrotić and Alison KoslowskiIndex 413