Edited by Federico Lega, Professor of Health Management and Policy, Director, Research and Training Center in Health Administration, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Milan, Italy

‘This expertly-edited Encyclopedia is an outstanding resource for managers and students of today’s healthcare systems and organizations who must navigate a range of unprecedented challenges. Taken together, the 117 chapters provide a comprehensive, timely, and useful summary and discussion of key topics in the field of healthcare management.’

• Contents: Preface xivPART I SCENARIOS1 Big data and artificial intelligence 2Martina Cappellina2 Disruptive technology innovations 6Claudia Bianchino3 Genomics 8Andrea Sommariva4 Globalization 11Houseyin Akyil5 Medical tourism 13Shir Sara Bekhor6 Precision medicine 16Valeria Mazzola7 Robotics 19Michele Giovanni CusmaiPART II BASIC MODELS OFHEALTH SYSTEMS8 Beveridge model 22Yagis Bey9 Bismarck model 24Assaf Ben Haim10 Market-driven model 26Eric BerrouPART III EVOLUTION OF THEPHARMA AND MEDTECHINDUSTRY11 Market access 30Emanuele Marsili12 Digital therapeutics 33Elena Maggioni13 Biotech 36Francesco Bagordo,Antonella De Donno andTiziana GrassiPART IV FOUNDATIONS OFHEALTH ECONOMICS14 Baumol’s cost disease 40David Brett Doerksen15 Disease mongering 42Giulia Gallo16 Moral hazard in health insurance 44Ana Paula Fontoura Andrade Reis17 Quasi-markets 46Mario del Vecchio18 Supplier-induced demand 48Ghina el NounouPART V FUNDING19 Payment mechanisms 51Martina Pisarra20 Sources of funding 55Guido Noto21 Tariff vs price 57Guido NotoPART VI HEALTH POLICYPRINCIPLES22 Equality and equity 60Silvia de Donato23 Universalism 62Giulia de Fortunato24 Well-being 64Valentina LombardiPART VII INVESTMENT ANALYSIS25 Business planning ofhealthcare services 69Giovanni Aguzzi26 Sources of funding for investments 71Clara Del Prete, MartaMarsilio and Fabio AmatucciPART VIII LEVELS OF CARE27 Acute, sub-acute andpost-acute care 77Mehmet Can Cifci28 Chronic care 79Ana Ciobanu29 Home care and community care 83Claudia Bianchino, DavideCarnevali and Niccolò Principi30 Hospital 86Clara Del Prete31 Long term care 91Zignat Courtoux32 Prevention 93Elisabetta Pierini33 Screenings 97Federica Natarelli34 Primary healthcare 101Carolina Curti35 Secondary vs tertiary vsquaternary care 104Magdalena CzajkowskaPART IX NEW PARADIGMS36 Access to healthcare 108Claudia Bianchino37 Co-production 110Marta Marsilio and ChiaraGuglielmetti38 Demedicalization 113Francesco Mazziotta39 Evidence-based medicine 115Pietro Magnoni40 From compliance to concordance 119Bharat Nandakumar41 Gender medicine 121Eduardo Marra42 Global health 123Giovanna Clerici43 Health literacy 125Sara Garlini44 Initiative medicine 127Preetha Karki45 Integrated care 130Sanem Inci46 Population health management 133Federica Michelozzi47 Skill mix and task shiftingin healthcare 136Alfredo Marchetti48 Value-based vsvolume-based healthcare 138Vanessa MaffiPART X PLAYERS49 Boundaryless hospital 142Benedetta Calcaterra Borri50 Community and country hospital 144Gloria Castelletti51 Intermediate andtransitional care settings 147Emilie Cozzani52 Primary care center 150Edoardo Campioli53 Research hospital 152Navpreet Tiwana54 Teaching hospital 154Laura CavazzanaPART XI TRENDS55 Business models 157Federico Lega56 Decentralization anddevolution in healthcare 159Federico Lega57 Multidisciplinarity andinter- professionality 161Anna Prenestini58 Telemedicine 164Claudia Bianchino59 Vertical and horizontalintegration (hub and spokenetwork) 168Alice DanieliPART XII BEHAVIOURS:CHALLENGES TOLEADING HEALTHORGANIZATIONS60 Accountability 173Andrea Rotolo61 Accountable care plan andorganization 174Steven Howard62 Iatocracy, professionalbureaucracy and corporatization 177Federico Lega63 Political arena 180Federico Lega64 Professional vs managerial culture 182Marco Sartirana65 Professionalism 184Marco Sartirana66 Stakeholder management 186Andrea Rotolo67 Teamwork 187Luca Solari68 Turf wars 189Elena MaggioniPART XIII PRACTICES69 Change management 193Riccardo Primavera70 Disaster management 195Clara del Prete71 Leadership and leadership styles 199Gabriele del CastilloPART XIV ROLES72 Case manager 203Annachiara Rotolo73 Clinical engineer 205Paolo Oliva74 Clinical leader 208Peter Lees75 Controller 211Clara Carbone and BernardoProvvedi76 Family and community nurse 215Cecilia Rossi77 General practitioner 218Antony Peris78 Hospitalist 220Sonia Maria Prevedello79 Medical director 22380 Operations manager 225Marta Marsilio and Anna Prenestini81 Pharmacist 228Maria Grazia Cattaneo,Sabrina Beltramini, SusannaCiampalini, DomenicaCostantino, Maria CristinaGalizia and Piera Polidori82 Quality and risk manager 233Francesca Montesi RighettiPART XV TOOLS SYSTEM ANDPROCESS: DISEASEMANAGEMENT83 Clinical governance 237Gaia Ratti84 Guidelines and protocols inhealthcare systems 239Alert VukatanaPART XVI INNOVATIONMANAGEMENT85 Clinical trial 243Davide Salvadori86 Health technology assessment 246Claudia BianchinoPART XVII OPERATIONS87 Electronic clinical records 251Anushka Shankar88 Patient flow logistics 253Stefano Villa and Rossella Pellegrino89 Patient management 256Lisa de Felice90 Supply chain 258Shatakshi91 Techniques for processand organizationsimprovement: leanmanagement in healthcare 261Marta MarsilioPART XVIII ORGANIZATION92 Clinical service lines 264Aswathy Varma93 Converging trends inhospital transformation 267Federico Lega94 Divisionalization, clinicaldirectorates and Troikamodel in healthcare 271Federico Lega95 Organizational culture 273Anna Prenestini and StefanoCalciolari96 Organizational design anddevelopment for healthcareorganizations 276Federico Lega97 Patient-centered hospitaland health organization 281Gabriele ZimeiPART XIX PEOPLE98 Clinical and professionalengagement 285Martyna Emilia Pszczolka99 Great Place to Work® 288Federica Natarelli100 Magnet hospital 291Michele Giovanni CusmaiPART XX PERFORMANCE101 Balanced scorecard inhealthcare organizations 294Anna Prenestini102 Budgeting (financial vsoperational) 298Michele Giovanni Cusmai103 Customer satisfaction 301Elena Maggioni104 DRG and case mix index 303Francesca Grosso105 Length of stay 305Gabriele del Castillo106 Performance measurementand management systems 307Anna Prenestini and Guido Noto107 PROMs and PREMs 310Fivia Stavrou108 Strategic control 313Anna PrenestiniPART XXI PLANNING109 Strategic planning 318Andrea Rotolo110 Strategy making 320Corrado CuccurulloPART XXII PROCUREMENT111 Centralized procurement 324Marta Marsilio112 Innovation procurement 327Marta Marsilio113 Managed entry agreements (MEA) 330Benjamin Oskar and FrancescaRandon114 Value-based procurement 333Silvia TarriconePART XXIII QUALITY115 Accreditation in healthcare 337Marta Szlaszynska116 Audit 340Francesco Mazziotta117 Quality management 343Francesca Montesi RighettiIndex 346

Edited by Federico Lega, Professor of Health Management and Policy, Director, Research and Training Center in Health Administration, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Milan, Italy

‘This expertly-edited Encyclopedia is an outstanding resource for managers and students of today’s healthcare systems and organizations who must navigate a range of unprecedented challenges. Taken together, the 117 chapters provide a comprehensive, timely, and useful summary and discussion of key topics in the field of healthcare management.’

• Contents: Preface xivPART I SCENARIOS1 Big data and artificial intelligence 2Martina Cappellina2 Disruptive technology innovations 6Claudia Bianchino3 Genomics 8Andrea Sommariva4 Globalization 11Houseyin Akyil5 Medical tourism 13Shir Sara Bekhor6 Precision medicine 16Valeria Mazzola7 Robotics 19Michele Giovanni CusmaiPART II BASIC MODELS OFHEALTH SYSTEMS8 Beveridge model 22Yagis Bey9 Bismarck model 24Assaf Ben Haim10 Market-driven model 26Eric BerrouPART III EVOLUTION OF THEPHARMA AND MEDTECHINDUSTRY11 Market access 30Emanuele Marsili12 Digital therapeutics 33Elena Maggioni13 Biotech 36Francesco Bagordo,Antonella De Donno andTiziana GrassiPART IV FOUNDATIONS OFHEALTH ECONOMICS14 Baumol’s cost disease 40David Brett Doerksen15 Disease mongering 42Giulia Gallo16 Moral hazard in health insurance 44Ana Paula Fontoura Andrade Reis17 Quasi-markets 46Mario del Vecchio18 Supplier-induced demand 48Ghina el NounouPART V FUNDING19 Payment mechanisms 51Martina Pisarra20 Sources of funding 55Guido Noto21 Tariff vs price 57Guido NotoPART VI HEALTH POLICYPRINCIPLES22 Equality and equity 60Silvia de Donato23 Universalism 62Giulia de Fortunato24 Well-being 64Valentina LombardiPART VII INVESTMENT ANALYSIS25 Business planning ofhealthcare services 69Giovanni Aguzzi26 Sources of funding for investments 71Clara Del Prete, MartaMarsilio and Fabio AmatucciPART VIII LEVELS OF CARE27 Acute, sub-acute andpost-acute care 77Mehmet Can Cifci28 Chronic care 79Ana Ciobanu29 Home care and community care 83Claudia Bianchino, DavideCarnevali and Niccolò Principi30 Hospital 86Clara Del Prete31 Long term care 91Zignat Courtoux32 Prevention 93Elisabetta Pierini33 Screenings 97Federica Natarelli34 Primary healthcare 101Carolina Curti35 Secondary vs tertiary vsquaternary care 104Magdalena CzajkowskaPART IX NEW PARADIGMS36 Access to healthcare 108Claudia Bianchino37 Co-production 110Marta Marsilio and ChiaraGuglielmetti38 Demedicalization 113Francesco Mazziotta39 Evidence-based medicine 115Pietro Magnoni40 From compliance to concordance 119Bharat Nandakumar41 Gender medicine 121Eduardo Marra42 Global health 123Giovanna Clerici43 Health literacy 125Sara Garlini44 Initiative medicine 127Preetha Karki45 Integrated care 130Sanem Inci46 Population health management 133Federica Michelozzi47 Skill mix and task shiftingin healthcare 136Alfredo Marchetti48 Value-based vsvolume-based healthcare 138Vanessa MaffiPART X PLAYERS49 Boundaryless hospital 142Benedetta Calcaterra Borri50 Community and country hospital 144Gloria Castelletti51 Intermediate andtransitional care settings 147Emilie Cozzani52 Primary care center 150Edoardo Campioli53 Research hospital 152Navpreet Tiwana54 Teaching hospital 154Laura CavazzanaPART XI TRENDS55 Business models 157Federico Lega56 Decentralization anddevolution in healthcare 159Federico Lega57 Multidisciplinarity andinter- professionality 161Anna Prenestini58 Telemedicine 164Claudia Bianchino59 Vertical and horizontalintegration (hub and spokenetwork) 168Alice DanieliPART XII BEHAVIOURS:CHALLENGES TOLEADING HEALTHORGANIZATIONS60 Accountability 173Andrea Rotolo61 Accountable care plan andorganization 174Steven Howard62 Iatocracy, professionalbureaucracy and corporatization 177Federico Lega63 Political arena 180Federico Lega64 Professional vs managerial culture 182Marco Sartirana65 Professionalism 184Marco Sartirana66 Stakeholder management 186Andrea Rotolo67 Teamwork 187Luca Solari68 Turf wars 189Elena MaggioniPART XIII PRACTICES69 Change management 193Riccardo Primavera70 Disaster management 195Clara del Prete71 Leadership and leadership styles 199Gabriele del CastilloPART XIV ROLES72 Case manager 203Annachiara Rotolo73 Clinical engineer 205Paolo Oliva74 Clinical leader 208Peter Lees75 Controller 211Clara Carbone and BernardoProvvedi76 Family and community nurse 215Cecilia Rossi77 General practitioner 218Antony Peris78 Hospitalist 220Sonia Maria Prevedello79 Medical director 22380 Operations manager 225Marta Marsilio and Anna Prenestini81 Pharmacist 228Maria Grazia Cattaneo,Sabrina Beltramini, SusannaCiampalini, DomenicaCostantino, Maria CristinaGalizia and Piera Polidori82 Quality and risk manager 233Francesca Montesi RighettiPART XV TOOLS SYSTEM ANDPROCESS: DISEASEMANAGEMENT83 Clinical governance 237Gaia Ratti84 Guidelines and protocols inhealthcare systems 239Alert VukatanaPART XVI INNOVATIONMANAGEMENT85 Clinical trial 243Davide Salvadori86 Health technology assessment 246Claudia BianchinoPART XVII OPERATIONS87 Electronic clinical records 251Anushka Shankar88 Patient flow logistics 253Stefano Villa and Rossella Pellegrino89 Patient management 256Lisa de Felice90 Supply chain 258Shatakshi91 Techniques for processand organizationsimprovement: leanmanagement in healthcare 261Marta MarsilioPART XVIII ORGANIZATION92 Clinical service lines 264Aswathy Varma93 Converging trends inhospital transformation 267Federico Lega94 Divisionalization, clinicaldirectorates and Troikamodel in healthcare 271Federico Lega95 Organizational culture 273Anna Prenestini and StefanoCalciolari96 Organizational design anddevelopment for healthcareorganizations 276Federico Lega97 Patient-centered hospitaland health organization 281Gabriele ZimeiPART XIX PEOPLE98 Clinical and professionalengagement 285Martyna Emilia Pszczolka99 Great Place to Work® 288Federica Natarelli100 Magnet hospital 291Michele Giovanni CusmaiPART XX PERFORMANCE101 Balanced scorecard inhealthcare organizations 294Anna Prenestini102 Budgeting (financial vsoperational) 298Michele Giovanni Cusmai103 Customer satisfaction 301Elena Maggioni104 DRG and case mix index 303Francesca Grosso105 Length of stay 305Gabriele del Castillo106 Performance measurementand management systems 307Anna Prenestini and Guido Noto107 PROMs and PREMs 310Fivia Stavrou108 Strategic control 313Anna PrenestiniPART XXI PLANNING109 Strategic planning 318Andrea Rotolo110 Strategy making 320Corrado CuccurulloPART XXII PROCUREMENT111 Centralized procurement 324Marta Marsilio112 Innovation procurement 327Marta Marsilio113 Managed entry agreements (MEA) 330Benjamin Oskar and FrancescaRandon114 Value-based procurement 333Silvia TarriconePART XXIII QUALITY115 Accreditation in healthcare 337Marta Szlaszynska116 Audit 340Francesco Mazziotta117 Quality management 343Francesca Montesi RighettiIndex 346

Edited by Federico Lega, Professor of Health Management and Policy, Director, Research and Training Center in Health Administration, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Milan, Italy

‘This expertly-edited Encyclopedia is an outstanding resource for managers and students of today’s healthcare systems and organizations who must navigate a range of unprecedented challenges. Taken together, the 117 chapters provide a comprehensive, timely, and useful summary and discussion of key topics in the field of healthcare management.’

• Contents: Preface xivPART I SCENARIOS1 Big data and artificial intelligence 2Martina Cappellina2 Disruptive technology innovations 6Claudia Bianchino3 Genomics 8Andrea Sommariva4 Globalization 11Houseyin Akyil5 Medical tourism 13Shir Sara Bekhor6 Precision medicine 16Valeria Mazzola7 Robotics 19Michele Giovanni CusmaiPART II BASIC MODELS OFHEALTH SYSTEMS8 Beveridge model 22Yagis Bey9 Bismarck model 24Assaf Ben Haim10 Market-driven model 26Eric BerrouPART III EVOLUTION OF THEPHARMA AND MEDTECHINDUSTRY11 Market access 30Emanuele Marsili12 Digital therapeutics 33Elena Maggioni13 Biotech 36Francesco Bagordo,Antonella De Donno andTiziana GrassiPART IV FOUNDATIONS OFHEALTH ECONOMICS14 Baumol’s cost disease 40David Brett Doerksen15 Disease mongering 42Giulia Gallo16 Moral hazard in health insurance 44Ana Paula Fontoura Andrade Reis17 Quasi-markets 46Mario del Vecchio18 Supplier-induced demand 48Ghina el NounouPART V FUNDING19 Payment mechanisms 51Martina Pisarra20 Sources of funding 55Guido Noto21 Tariff vs price 57Guido NotoPART VI HEALTH POLICYPRINCIPLES22 Equality and equity 60Silvia de Donato23 Universalism 62Giulia de Fortunato24 Well-being 64Valentina LombardiPART VII INVESTMENT ANALYSIS25 Business planning ofhealthcare services 69Giovanni Aguzzi26 Sources of funding for investments 71Clara Del Prete, MartaMarsilio and Fabio AmatucciPART VIII LEVELS OF CARE27 Acute, sub-acute andpost-acute care 77Mehmet Can Cifci28 Chronic care 79Ana Ciobanu29 Home care and community care 83Claudia Bianchino, DavideCarnevali and Niccolò Principi30 Hospital 86Clara Del Prete31 Long term care 91Zignat Courtoux32 Prevention 93Elisabetta Pierini33 Screenings 97Federica Natarelli34 Primary healthcare 101Carolina Curti35 Secondary vs tertiary vsquaternary care 104Magdalena CzajkowskaPART IX NEW PARADIGMS36 Access to healthcare 108Claudia Bianchino37 Co-production 110Marta Marsilio and ChiaraGuglielmetti38 Demedicalization 113Francesco Mazziotta39 Evidence-based medicine 115Pietro Magnoni40 From compliance to concordance 119Bharat Nandakumar41 Gender medicine 121Eduardo Marra42 Global health 123Giovanna Clerici43 Health literacy 125Sara Garlini44 Initiative medicine 127Preetha Karki45 Integrated care 130Sanem Inci46 Population health management 133Federica Michelozzi47 Skill mix and task shiftingin healthcare 136Alfredo Marchetti48 Value-based vsvolume-based healthcare 138Vanessa MaffiPART X PLAYERS49 Boundaryless hospital 142Benedetta Calcaterra Borri50 Community and country hospital 144Gloria Castelletti51 Intermediate andtransitional care settings 147Emilie Cozzani52 Primary care center 150Edoardo Campioli53 Research hospital 152Navpreet Tiwana54 Teaching hospital 154Laura CavazzanaPART XI TRENDS55 Business models 157Federico Lega56 Decentralization anddevolution in healthcare 159Federico Lega57 Multidisciplinarity andinter- professionality 161Anna Prenestini58 Telemedicine 164Claudia Bianchino59 Vertical and horizontalintegration (hub and spokenetwork) 168Alice DanieliPART XII BEHAVIOURS:CHALLENGES TOLEADING HEALTHORGANIZATIONS60 Accountability 173Andrea Rotolo61 Accountable care plan andorganization 174Steven Howard62 Iatocracy, professionalbureaucracy and corporatization 177Federico Lega63 Political arena 180Federico Lega64 Professional vs managerial culture 182Marco Sartirana65 Professionalism 184Marco Sartirana66 Stakeholder management 186Andrea Rotolo67 Teamwork 187Luca Solari68 Turf wars 189Elena MaggioniPART XIII PRACTICES69 Change management 193Riccardo Primavera70 Disaster management 195Clara del Prete71 Leadership and leadership styles 199Gabriele del CastilloPART XIV ROLES72 Case manager 203Annachiara Rotolo73 Clinical engineer 205Paolo Oliva74 Clinical leader 208Peter Lees75 Controller 211Clara Carbone and BernardoProvvedi76 Family and community nurse 215Cecilia Rossi77 General practitioner 218Antony Peris78 Hospitalist 220Sonia Maria Prevedello79 Medical director 22380 Operations manager 225Marta Marsilio and Anna Prenestini81 Pharmacist 228Maria Grazia Cattaneo,Sabrina Beltramini, SusannaCiampalini, DomenicaCostantino, Maria CristinaGalizia and Piera Polidori82 Quality and risk manager 233Francesca Montesi RighettiPART XV TOOLS SYSTEM ANDPROCESS: DISEASEMANAGEMENT83 Clinical governance 237Gaia Ratti84 Guidelines and protocols inhealthcare systems 239Alert VukatanaPART XVI INNOVATIONMANAGEMENT85 Clinical trial 243Davide Salvadori86 Health technology assessment 246Claudia BianchinoPART XVII OPERATIONS87 Electronic clinical records 251Anushka Shankar88 Patient flow logistics 253Stefano Villa and Rossella Pellegrino89 Patient management 256Lisa de Felice90 Supply chain 258Shatakshi91 Techniques for processand organizationsimprovement: leanmanagement in healthcare 261Marta MarsilioPART XVIII ORGANIZATION92 Clinical service lines 264Aswathy Varma93 Converging trends inhospital transformation 267Federico Lega94 Divisionalization, clinicaldirectorates and Troikamodel in healthcare 271Federico Lega95 Organizational culture 273Anna Prenestini and StefanoCalciolari96 Organizational design anddevelopment for healthcareorganizations 276Federico Lega97 Patient-centered hospitaland health organization 281Gabriele ZimeiPART XIX PEOPLE98 Clinical and professionalengagement 285Martyna Emilia Pszczolka99 Great Place to Work® 288Federica Natarelli100 Magnet hospital 291Michele Giovanni CusmaiPART XX PERFORMANCE101 Balanced scorecard inhealthcare organizations 294Anna Prenestini102 Budgeting (financial vsoperational) 298Michele Giovanni Cusmai103 Customer satisfaction 301Elena Maggioni104 DRG and case mix index 303Francesca Grosso105 Length of stay 305Gabriele del Castillo106 Performance measurementand management systems 307Anna Prenestini and Guido Noto107 PROMs and PREMs 310Fivia Stavrou108 Strategic control 313Anna PrenestiniPART XXI PLANNING109 Strategic planning 318Andrea Rotolo110 Strategy making 320Corrado CuccurulloPART XXII PROCUREMENT111 Centralized procurement 324Marta Marsilio112 Innovation procurement 327Marta Marsilio113 Managed entry agreements (MEA) 330Benjamin Oskar and FrancescaRandon114 Value-based procurement 333Silvia TarriconePART XXIII QUALITY115 Accreditation in healthcare 337Marta Szlaszynska116 Audit 340Francesco Mazziotta117 Quality management 343Francesca Montesi RighettiIndex 346