Pasi Ihalainen is Professor of Comparative European History at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. His many publications include his most recent book The Springs of Democracy: National and Transnational Debates on Constitutional Reform in the British, German, Swedish and Finnish Parliaments, 1917–1919 (2017). He is a board member of the research network EuParl.net.

“Edited by a group of historians and a political philosopher who have been thinking innovatively about parliaments, politics and language for a number of years, this is a stimulating and timely book that does much to open up a new area of study in a new and striking way.” • Paul Seaward, History of Parliament

• List of IllustrationsPreface and AcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsIntroduction: Politicians in Representative Politics: An Introduction to an Ambiguous Conceptual HistoryPasi Ihalainen, Rosario López and Henk te VeldeChapter 1. A Long-Term Perspective on the Figure of the PoliticianKari PalonenChapter 2. ‘Politician’ and ‘Statesman’ in the Age of Revolutions: Sweden, the Netherlands, France and Britain, 1770–1815Pasi Ihalainen and Joris OddensAvailable open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) with support from the Open Science Centre of the University of Jyväskylä, the Huygens Institute for the History and Culture of the Netherlands and the Kone FoundationChapter 3. New and Old Professional Politicians in Britain, France, Germany and the Netherlands, 1860–1920Anne Heyer and Henk te VeldeChapter 4. Politicians of Principle: Spain and Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth CenturiesRosario LópezChapter 5. Interests, Expertise and the Rejection of Politics in France and the Netherlands, 1900–1940Ido de HaanChapter 6. What Are Politicians Doing? Parliamentarians on PoliticiansKari PalonenChapter 7. Politicians beyond the Nation State? From the League of Nations to the European UnionPasi Ihalainen, Teemu Häkkinen, Anna Kronlund and Olivier RozenbergAvailable open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) with support from the Open Science Centre of the University of Jyväskylä, the Huygens Institute for the History and Culture of the Netherlands and the Kone FoundationChapter 8. Politicians Seen through the Lens of Activists, 1980s–2000sCarla Hoetink and Harm KaalConclusion: Four Types of Politicians: Towards a Condensing Interpretation of Conceptual HistoriesKari PalonenAppendix: Word-Embedding Models on the Most Related Words of ‘Politician’ in Parliamentary Debates, from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First CenturyIndex

Pasi Ihalainen is Professor of Comparative European History at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. His many publications include his most recent book The Springs of Democracy: National and Transnational Debates on Constitutional Reform in the British, German, Swedish and Finnish Parliaments, 1917–1919 (2017). He is a board member of the research network EuParl.net.

“Edited by a group of historians and a political philosopher who have been thinking innovatively about parliaments, politics and language for a number of years, this is a stimulating and timely book that does much to open up a new area of study in a new and striking way.” • Paul Seaward, History of Parliament

• List of IllustrationsPreface and AcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsIntroduction: Politicians in Representative Politics: An Introduction to an Ambiguous Conceptual HistoryPasi Ihalainen, Rosario López and Henk te VeldeChapter 1. A Long-Term Perspective on the Figure of the PoliticianKari PalonenChapter 2. ‘Politician’ and ‘Statesman’ in the Age of Revolutions: Sweden, the Netherlands, France and Britain, 1770–1815Pasi Ihalainen and Joris OddensAvailable open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) with support from the Open Science Centre of the University of Jyväskylä, the Huygens Institute for the History and Culture of the Netherlands and the Kone FoundationChapter 3. New and Old Professional Politicians in Britain, France, Germany and the Netherlands, 1860–1920Anne Heyer and Henk te VeldeChapter 4. Politicians of Principle: Spain and Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth CenturiesRosario LópezChapter 5. Interests, Expertise and the Rejection of Politics in France and the Netherlands, 1900–1940Ido de HaanChapter 6. What Are Politicians Doing? Parliamentarians on PoliticiansKari PalonenChapter 7. Politicians beyond the Nation State? From the League of Nations to the European UnionPasi Ihalainen, Teemu Häkkinen, Anna Kronlund and Olivier RozenbergAvailable open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) with support from the Open Science Centre of the University of Jyväskylä, the Huygens Institute for the History and Culture of the Netherlands and the Kone FoundationChapter 8. Politicians Seen through the Lens of Activists, 1980s–2000sCarla Hoetink and Harm KaalConclusion: Four Types of Politicians: Towards a Condensing Interpretation of Conceptual HistoriesKari PalonenAppendix: Word-Embedding Models on the Most Related Words of ‘Politician’ in Parliamentary Debates, from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First CenturyIndex

Pasi Ihalainen is Professor of Comparative European History at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland. His many publications include his most recent book The Springs of Democracy: National and Transnational Debates on Constitutional Reform in the British, German, Swedish and Finnish Parliaments, 1917–1919 (2017). He is a board member of the research network EuParl.net.

“Edited by a group of historians and a political philosopher who have been thinking innovatively about parliaments, politics and language for a number of years, this is a stimulating and timely book that does much to open up a new area of study in a new and striking way.” • Paul Seaward, History of Parliament

• List of IllustrationsPreface and AcknowledgementsList of AbbreviationsIntroduction: Politicians in Representative Politics: An Introduction to an Ambiguous Conceptual HistoryPasi Ihalainen, Rosario López and Henk te VeldeChapter 1. A Long-Term Perspective on the Figure of the PoliticianKari PalonenChapter 2. ‘Politician’ and ‘Statesman’ in the Age of Revolutions: Sweden, the Netherlands, France and Britain, 1770–1815Pasi Ihalainen and Joris OddensAvailable open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) with support from the Open Science Centre of the University of Jyväskylä, the Huygens Institute for the History and Culture of the Netherlands and the Kone FoundationChapter 3. New and Old Professional Politicians in Britain, France, Germany and the Netherlands, 1860–1920Anne Heyer and Henk te VeldeChapter 4. Politicians of Principle: Spain and Britain in the Nineteenth and Twentieth CenturiesRosario LópezChapter 5. Interests, Expertise and the Rejection of Politics in France and the Netherlands, 1900–1940Ido de HaanChapter 6. What Are Politicians Doing? Parliamentarians on PoliticiansKari PalonenChapter 7. Politicians beyond the Nation State? From the League of Nations to the European UnionPasi Ihalainen, Teemu Häkkinen, Anna Kronlund and Olivier RozenbergAvailable open access under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) with support from the Open Science Centre of the University of Jyväskylä, the Huygens Institute for the History and Culture of the Netherlands and the Kone FoundationChapter 8. Politicians Seen through the Lens of Activists, 1980s–2000sCarla Hoetink and Harm KaalConclusion: Four Types of Politicians: Towards a Condensing Interpretation of Conceptual HistoriesKari PalonenAppendix: Word-Embedding Models on the Most Related Words of ‘Politician’ in Parliamentary Debates, from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First CenturyIndex