Human Anatomy

Jane de Burgh first trained as a nurse and worked for almost twenty years in the British National Health Service specialising in renal medicine and organ transplantation. She has edited a number of medical books for the lay reader, including family medical encyclopaedias and first aid manuals. She lives in the UK.

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• INTRODUCTION1: CELLS AND TISSUES Cell Function Structure of a Cell Cell Division Cell Communication Structure of the Cell Membrane Passive Transport of Molecules Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Genes2: SKIN, HAIR AND NAILS Skin Hair Nails3: THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Skeleton Structure of Bone Tissue Bone Remodelling Bone Repair Types of Joints Fibrous Joints Cartilaginous Joints Synovial Joints Types of Muscle Muscle Contraction Ligaments Tendons Skull Paranasal Sinuses Infratemporal Fossa Pterygopalatine Fossa Muscles of the Scalp Facial Muscles Muscles of the Neck Neck Flexor Muscles Vertebral Column Structure of the Spine Cervical Vertebrae Cervical Ligaments Thoracic Vertebrae Muscles of the Back Abdominal Wall Ribcage Sternum Muscles of the Ribcage Lumbar Vertebrae Lumbar Ligaments Sacrum and Coccyx Pectoral Girdle Scapula Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle Shoulder Joint Movements of the Shoulder Joint Structure of the Humerus The Ulna The Radius Elbow Forearm Movements Muscles of the Upper Arm Muscles of the Forearm Extensor Muscles Deep Fascia of the Arm Deep Fascia of the Hand Bones of the Wrist Carpal Tunnel Ligaments of the Wrist Bones of the Hand Muscles of the Hand Bones of the Pelvis Ligaments of the Pelvis Joints of the Pelvis Pelvic Floor Muscles Muscles of the Gluteal Region Hip Joint Femur Tibia and Fibula Knee Joint Ligaments of the Knee Bursae of the Knee Muscles of the Thigh Quadriceps Femoris Adductors Muscles of the Lower Leg Deep Fascia of the Leg Ankle and Ligaments Bones of the Foot Ligaments and Joints of the Foot Arches of the Foot Tendons and Retinacula of the Foot Muscles of the Top of the Foot Muscles of the Soles of the Foot4: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Neurone (nerve cell) How Neurones Work How Neurones Communicate Brain Meninges Dural Venous Sinuses Arteries of the Brain Veins of the Brain Ventricles of the Brain Cerebral Hemispheres Structure of Cerebral Hemispheres Limbic System Thalamus Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Brainstem Cranial Nerves Olfactory Nerves I Optic Nerves II Cranial Nerves III, IV and VI Trigeminal Nerve V Facial Nerve VII Vestibulocochlear Nerve VIII Vagus Nerve X Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX Hypoglossal Nerve XII Spinal Cord Spinal Nerves Brachial Plexus Sacral Plexus Peripheral Nervous System Nerves of the Arm Nerves of the Hand Sciatic Nerve Cutaneous Nerves of the Leg Femoral Nerve Obturator and Tibial Nerves Autonomic Nervous System How Reflexes Work5: THE SENSES Sight Muscles of the Eye Focusing the Eye Retina Eyelids Hearing and Balance Middle Ear Inner Ear Balance and Orientation Sound Interpretation Nasal Cavity Smell Taste Touch6: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Overview of Blood Circulation The Function of Blood How the Blood Circulates How Blood is Transported How Blood Clots Mediastinum Heart Ventricles Atria Valves of the Heart Vessels of the Heart Conducting System of the Heart How the Heart Beats Arteries of the Arm Arteries of the Hand Arteries of the Leg Arteries of the Foot Veins of the Leg7: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Nose Pharynx Larynx How We Speak Respiratory Airways Lungs Pleurae Blood Vessels of the Lungs Lymphatics of the Lungs Diaphragm How the Lungs Work8: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Teeth Oral Cavity Salivary Glands Tongue Pharynx Oesophagus Stomach Small Intestine Jejunum and Ileum Caecum Colon Rectum and Anal Canal Liver Biliary System Functions of the Liver Pancreas9: KIDNEYS AND URINARY SYSTEM Urinary Tract Kidneys Ureters Bladder and Urethra Maintaining Homeostasis10: THE IMMUNE AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEMS Protection from Disease Lymphatic System Regional Lymphatic Drainage Spleen Thymus Immune Responses Allergy11: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine System Hypothalamus Thyroid Gland Adrenal Glands Pancreas Ovaries Testes12: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Puberty Male Reproductive System Testes, Scrotum and Epididymis Penis Sperm Female Reproductive System Female Breast Uterus Vagina Cervix Ovaries Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes Menstrual Cycle Ovulation Conception Placenta Childbirth13: AGEING AND DEATH Science of Ageing External Changes Internal Body Changes Sensory Changes in Old Age Life ExpectancyGlossaryIndex