Edited by Philip Auerswald, Assistant Professor, School of Public Policy, George Mason University, US and Ant Bozkaya, Research Fellow, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, US

• Contents:AcknowledgementsIntroduction Philip Auerswald and Ant BozkayaPART ICONTEXT 1. Frank H. Knight (1921), ‘Enterprise and Profit’2. Joseph A. Schumpeter (1949), ‘Economic Theory and Entrepreneurial History’ PART IIOVERVIEW 3. Edward P. Lazear (2005), ‘Entrepreneurship’4. Paul Gompers, Josh Lerner and David Scharfstein (2005), ‘Entrepreneurial Spawning: Public Corporations and the Genesis of New Ventures, 1986 to 1999’5. David B. Audretsch and Paula E. Stephan (1996), ‘Company-Scientist Locational Links: The Case of Biotechnology’6. Allen N. Berger and Gregory F. Udell (1998), ‘The Economics of Small Business Finance: The Roles of Private Equity and Debt Markets in the Financial Growth Cycle’PART IIICHALLENGES 7. Douglas Holtz-Eakin, David Joulfaian and Harvey S. Rosen (1994), ‘Sticking It Out: Entrepreneurial Survival and Liquidity Constraints’8. R. Glenn Hubbard (1998), ‘Capital-Market Imperfections and Investment’9. Raghuram G. Rajan and Luigi Zingales (1995), ‘What Do We Know About Capital Structure? Some Evidence from International Data’10. Robert E. Carpenter and Bruce C. Petersen (2002), ‘Is the Growth of Small Firms Constrained by Internal Finance?’PART IVSOLUTIONS ASelf-Finance11. Anuradha Basu and Simon. C. Parker (2001), ‘Family Finance and New Business Start-Ups’BCommercial Banks12. Bernard S. Black and Ronald J. Gilson (1998), ‘Venture Capital and the Structure of Capital Markets: Banks versus Stock Markets’13. Carola Schenone (2004), ‘The Effect of Banking Relationships on the Firm’s IPO Underpricing’CAngel Investors14. Jeremy Berkowitz and Michelle J. White (2004), ‘Bankruptcy and Small Firms’ Access to Credit’15. Naomi R. Lamoreaux, Margaret Levenstein and Kenneth L. Sokoloff (2007), ‘Financing Invention during the Second Industrial Revolution: Cleveland, Ohio, 1870–1920’DVenture Capital16. Paul Gompers and Josh Lerner (2001), ‘The Venture Capital Revolution’17. Steven N. Kaplan and Per Strömberg (2003), ‘Financial Contracting Theory Meets the Real World: An Empirical Analysis of Venture Capital Contracts’18. Thomas Hellmann and Manju Puri (2002), ‘Venture Capital and the Professionalization of Start-Up Firms: Empirical Evidence’EPublic Financing and IPO19. Philip E. Auerswald and Lewis M. Branscomb (2003), ‘Valleys of Death and Darwinian Seas: Financing the Invention to Innovation Transition in the United States’20. Jay R. Ritter and Ivo Welch (2002), ‘A Review of IPO Activity, Pricing and Allocations’PART VPUBLIC POLICY 21. Richard Zeckhauser (1996), ‘The Challenge of Contracting for Technological Information’22. Samuel Kortum and Josh Lerner (2000), ‘Assessing the Contribution of Venture Capital to Innovation’23. Josh Lerner (2002), ‘When Bureaucrats Meet Entrepreneurs: The Design of Effective “Public Venture Capital” Programmes’24. Bronwyn H. Hall (2002), ‘The Financing of Research and Development’Name Index