Bridge Aeroelasticity

Santiago HERNANDEZ IBANEZ has been a professor of bridge engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering at the Universidade da Coruna since 1993, where he is in charge of the aerodynamic wind tunnel. He has over 25 years of experience in teaching, research, and writing on structural optimization and has also conducted research on the aeroelastic design of cable suspension bridges. Hernandez has worked on the structural restoration of buildings of historical importance, including a number of well known churches. Well known as a lecturer throughout Europe, Asia, and the Americas and has been a pioneer in structural engineering education in Europe.

• Contents Aeroelastic analysis and design optimization of cable-supported bridges Introduction; Aeroelastic phenomena; Methodologies of flutter analysis; Sensitivity analysis: a design tool; Optimum design in engineering: application to bridge aeroelasticity; References. Cable-supported bridges since 1940: The Tacoma effect Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge; The "Tacoma effect"; Recent history (1966-1988); Decks with aerodynamic sections; Cable-stayed bridges; Recent history (1989-1999); Bridges of the Honshu-Shikoku route in Japan; European bridges; Bridges in China: networks in Hong Kong; The 21st century: achievements and projects; Stonecutters Bridge in Hong Kong; Bridge over the Gulf of Corinth, linking Rion and Antirion; Sutong Bridge in China; Xihoumen Bridge in China; Bridge project over the Strait of Messina; Fehmarn Strait link project; Projects to link Japanese islands; Bridge planned for the entrance of Tokyo Bay; Ise Bay Bridge project; Link over the Kitan Strait; Project for Ho-Yo Strait link; Project for the Tsugaru Strait link; Bridge project over the Chacao Channel; The Rias Altas Link in Spain; Suspension bridges; Arch bridge; References. Methodologies of flutter analysis for cable-supported bridges Introduction; Experimental aeroelasticity in long-span bridges; Applications of wind-tunnel testing on bridge engineering; Types of wind tunnel; Sectional tests of bridge decks; Aerodynamic tests; Aeroelastic testing; Basic principles of analytical aeroelasticity; Theodorsen's theory applied to flutter in flat plates; Linearization of aeroelastic loads through flutter derivatives; Bridge flutter considering three aeroelastic forces; Movement equations for bridge decks; Modal analysis; Aeroelastic response of a bridge; Wind speed and frequency at the outset of flutter; Existence of simultaneous flutter frequencies; References. Flutter analysis of suspension bridges during construction Introduction; Hoga Kusten Bridge in its construction phase; Construction phases of the Hoga Kusten Bridge; Phase 1: 18% of the main span; Phase 2: 51% of the central span; Phase 3: 68% of the central span; Phase 4: 97% of the main span; Flutter parameter evolution in the construction phase of the Hoga Kusten Bridge; The Great Belt Bridge in its construction phase; Construction phases of the Great Belt Bridge; Flutter parameter evolution in the construction phase of the Great Belt Bridge; References. Flutter analysis of completed cable-supported bridges Introduction; Great Belt Bridge; Frequencies and natural modes for the Great Belt Bridge; Aeroelastic analysis of the Great Belt Bridge; Bridge over the Akashi Strait; Natural frequencies and modes for the Akashi Strait Bridge; Aeroelastic analysis of the Akashi Strait Bridge; Original Tacoma Bridge; Frequencies and natural modes for the Tacoma Bridge; Aeroelastic analysis of the Tacoma Bridge; The Vasco da Gama Bridge; Frequencies and natural modes for the Vasco da Gama Bridge; Aeroelastic analysis of the Vasco da Gama Bridge; References. Sensitivity analysis of eigenvalue problems Introduction; Approximation by finite difference; Analytical sensitivity for eigenvalue problems; Sensitivity derivatives in case of vibration and buckling; Sensitivity derivatives for non-Hamiltonian eigenvalue problems; References. Analytical sensitivity analysis of free vibration problems Introduction; Matrix calculation for bar structures in linear, second-order theory; Frequencies and natural vibration modes in linear and second-order theories; Sensitivity analysis of frequencies and vibration eigen modes in linear and second-order theories; Sensitivity analysis in linear theory; Sensitivity analysis in second-order theory; Description of the "ADISNOL3D" code; Practical examples with ADISNOL3D; Example 1: main cable of the Golden Gate Bridge; Example 2: suspension bridge over the Great Belt; Characteristics of the Great Belt suspension bridge; Free vibration analysis of the Great Belt Bridge; Free vibration sensitivity analysis of the suspension bridge over the Great Belt; References. Sensitivity analysis of flutter response for cable-supported bridges Introduction; Obtaining flutter speed; Sensitivity analysis of the flutter parameters in a bridge; Design variables x; Calculating 8A /dx; Calculating dA/dUf; Calculating 8A/8KGBP; Solving the eigenvalue problem; FLAS Code; References. Sensitivity of flutter response for suspension bridges under construction Introduction; Example 1: Hoga Kusten Bridge at the construction phase; Example 2. Great Belt suspension bridge under construction; References. Flutter response sensitivity of completed cable-supported bridges Example 1. Great Belt Bridge; Sensitivity of the aeroelastic analysis with 2 modes for the Great Belt; Sensitivity of the aeroelastic analysis of the Great Belt using 18 modes; Comparison of the sensitivity analyses for the Great Belt; Flutter speed in modified designs for the Great Belt Bridge; Example 2. Akashi Strait Bridge; Sensitivity of aeroelastic analysis using two modes for the Akashi Strait Bridge; Sensitivities from the 17-mode aeroelastic analysis of the Akashi Strait Bridge; Comparing the sensitivity analyses for the Akashi Strait Bridge; Flutter speed in modified designs of the Akashi Strait Bridge; Example 3. Original Tacoma Bridge; Sensitivity from bimodal aeroelastic analysis of the Tacoma Bridge; Sensitivity from the aeroelastic analysis using 10 modes for the Tacoma Bridge; Comparing sensitivity analyses for the Tacoma Bridge; Flutter speed within modified designs of the Tacoma Bridge; Example 4. Vasco Da Gama Bridge; Sensitivity from the bimodal aeroelastic analysis of the Vasco da Gama Bridge; 11-mode sensitivity aeroelastic analysis for the Vasco da Gama Bridge; Comparing the sensitivity analyses for the Vasco da Gama Bridge; Flutter speed in the modified design of the Vasco da Gama Bridge; References. A formulation of optimization in bridge aeroelasticity Introduction; Conventional design method; Sensitivity analysis; Optimum design; Suspension bridges optimum design; Formulation of the optimum design problem; Extensions of the sensitivity analysis formulation due to the assumption of variable mass; Solving the optimum design problem: description of the DIOPTICA code; Symmetric box cross section: geometric properties and analytical derivatives with regard to thicknesses; References. Optimization of suspension bridges with aeroelastic and kinematic constraints Introduction; Messina Strait Bridge general description; Messina Strait Bridge optimum design formulation; Messina Strait Bridge sensitivities results; Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem C; Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem L; Messina Strait Bridge optimum design results. Problem CL.