Digital Libraries

Fabrice Papy is Associate Professor of Information Science at the University of Paris 8 in France. He founded the 'Digital Document and Uses" Lab where multidisciplinary researchers study the impact of digital technologies on social behavior.

• Preface xvFabrice PAPY and Gil-François EUVRARDChapter 1. The Growth of the Role of Librarians and Information Officers in Digital Libraries 1Christian LUPOVICI1.1. Changes in the world of documentation 11.1.1. Transformations in society 31.2. Transformations in the economic situation of libraries 31.2.1. Too many hits?! The new trend of vague search entries 31.2.2. The integration of heterogenous services 41.2.3. The librarian’s challenge to reach customer satisfaction 51.3. Changing a paradigm: changing the object “information” 51.3.1. Breaking with the traditional way of managing physical objects 51.3.2. New objects in documentation 61.4. Changing a paradigm: information in a network of documentation 71.4.1. Information is linked to a network of information 71.4.2. Processing a high flux of dematerialized information 81.5. A new way of organizing libraries: the impact of the digital revolution 81.5.1. Impact on the functioning of a library 81.5.2. Impact on the concept of information 91.5.3. Impact on distribution 91.5.4. Impact on intellectual property 91.6. New trends 101.6.1. Introducing administrative aspects of documentation into the document 101.6.2. The librarian’s role in the editing process 101.7. The digital library 111.7.1. The virtual library 111.7.2. A “real” library 111.8. Introducing different layers to the core sector of the profession 121.8.1. Support for online library users 121.8.2. Providing training for users 121.8.3. Managing materialized objects as well as digital documents 121.9. Broadening skills and responsibilities for all of the library’s staff 131.9.1. Managing old and new techniques simultaneously 131.9.2. Increasing qualifications and responsibilities 13Chapter 2. The Tao of the Digital Library: A Library Without a Librarian? 15Joachim SCHÖPFEL and Jacques CREUSOT2.1. The technological supremacy of the concept of the “digital library” 162.2. TSI’s influence on the market 182.3. The virtualization of a document’s function 192.4. Development and changes to job profiles in the CNRS directory 1982–2002 202.5. Supporting professions – the INIST approach 222.6. A new job profile is emerging – the e-serials librarian 242.7. Developments in training requirements – the UKSG workshops 1990–2004 262.8. “He who takes the longest strides…” 282.9. Bibliography 30Chapter 3. The Reader Faced with a Digital Library: the Experience of the Pasteur Institute 33Emmanuelle JANNÈS-OBER3.1. Introduction. 333.2. Which services should be aimed at what kind of audience? 343.2.1. Content 353.2.2. Services 363.2.3. Programs 383.3. How are services used? 393.3.1. Empirical knowledge and how users carry out their research 393.3.2. Some statistics 413.4. Current problems 423.4.1. How to organize the extremely high number of hits 423.4.2. Can the costs be controlled? 443.4.3. How to create a new dialog with the user. 443.4.4. Appendix: Biolib’s search interface 46Chapter 4. University Students’ Information Strategies: From Institutional Expectations to Real Uses 47Marie DESPRÉS-LONNET4.1. Introduction 474.2. Methodological issues 484.3. Relating use and environment 504.4. Resource legitimacy 534.5. The evolution of the figure of the “third party” 564.6. Conclusion 574.7. Bibliography 58Chapter 5. The Digital Spirit: Digital Libraries and Democracy 61Olivier FRESSARD5.1. Books and libraries function as an objective spirit 615.2. The symbolic value of books stored within a library 635.3. How can the project of a digital library be realized? 645.4. Digital libraries are actually very rare! 665.5. Technical supports and new ways of reading 665.6. Two different types of logic within reading processes 695.7. The sociological significance of different reading processes 715.8. Does the “library of democracy” exist? 715.9. Access and usage 735.10. Tocqueville – a sociological model of democracy 745.11. The library’s devices and the disposition of the public 765.12. Libraries are facing a cultural crisis 785.13. Conclusion 805.14. Bibliography 80Chapter 6. Accessing Library Catalogs in the Age of Digital Libraries and Search Engines: Gaps, Disruptions and Transformation? 83Dominique LAHARY6.1. Prehistory 836.1.1. Secondary information 846.1.2. What about access to documents? 866.2. The age of OPAC 866.2.1. A high level of uniformity 876.2.2. How to access documents according to their content 876.2.3. Too many or no hits at all – a choice must be made 886.2.4. Some progress is being made 886.2.5. Disadvantages and features the system lacks 896.2.6. Are catalogs actually used by the public? 896.3. The secret order 916.3.1. Libraries must now imitate search engines which so successfully imitated them in the first place 916.3.2. The secret order’s manifesto 926.3.3. Plea for resurgence 926.3.4. Realizing the project 946.3.5. Remote access 996.3.6. New solutions combined with traditional ones 1006.4. Conclusion 1016.5. Bibliography 102Chapter 7. Stakes and Prospects of Heuristic Visualization for OPAC Use 103Sophie CHAUVIN7.1. Complexity of information systems 1037.1.1. Complexity of inter-related information systems for documentation 1057.1.2. Complexity, training and catalogs 1067.2. Sense and visualization 1077.2.1. The multidimensional space of a library 1077.2.2. Accessing the stock of documents via metadata 1087.2.3. Improved online catalogs – they lead to an increase in unintended applications 1107.3. Visualization and the trail of knowledge 1107.3.1. Principles of a heuristic visualization 1107.3.2. Reticular systems and hypertextual trails 1127.4. Interface, intermediaries and amplification of coherence 1157.5. Usage and perspectives 1167.6. Bibliography 118Chapter 8. 3D Interaction for Digital Libraries 123Pierre CUBAUD8.1. Introduction 1238.2. The page as a surface 1248.2.1. Structured light 1268.2.2. Photogrammetry 1278.3. The book and reading interfaces 1308.4. Research collections and research interfaces 1348.5. Conclusion 1398.6. Bibliography 140Chapter 9. Using Facets to Classify and Access Digital Resources: Proposal and Example 145Michèle HUDON9.1. Introduction 1459.2. Examining existing classification structures 1479.2.1. Sample 1479.2.2. Methodology 1479.2.3. Results and discussion 1489.3. A faceted structure to organize and access resources in a virtual library in education 1519.3.1. Creating a special virtual collection of web resources in education 1529.3.2. Classification and indexing 1549.3.3. Development of a faceted classification structure 1559.3.4. Using the faceted structure 1599.3.5. Next steps 1659.4. General conclusion 1659.5. Bibliography 166Chapter 10. Digital Libraries: the Publication of Legal Documents Online within the Info-mediation Service 169Fabien GIRARD DE BARROS10.1. Availability, instantaneity and simplicity of information: the minimum requirements for legal publications on the Internet 17010.1.1. Accessing legal information: application of the classic unities of tragedy within the company 17110.1.2. Judicial security and the instantaneity of the response 17210.1.3. The simplicity of access: ergonomics – providing a helping hand with the abundance of information available on the Internet 17310.2. The relevance of information: from the documentalist’s know-how to the documentalist/info mediator 17510.2.1. The emergence of relevant search engines 17510.2.2. Contextualization: first steps towards the relevance of information 17610.2.3. Providing training for the jurists: reinforcing the link between the jurist and the documentalist 17610.3. The sharing of judicial information: when the judicial publisher becomes the computer technician 17710.3.1. Intranet: the symbiosis of official information and personal doctrines 17810.3.2. Channels: communication within the communication service 17810.3.3. The alert and the newsletter: managing updates 17910.4. Conclusion 18010.5. Bibliography 180Chapter 11. What Scholarly and Pedagogic Material is Available Online for the Virtual User Within French Universities? 181Ghislaine CHARTRON and Marc MINON11.1. The availability of scholarly and pedagogic material online within French universities: an assessment 18111.1.1. An economic scale that distinguishes three models 18211.1.2. Published material as public property 18211.1.3. Published material within a market economy 18411.1.4. Published material and a common economy 18611.2. Published digital resources and distance teaching devices: an even weaker synergy 18811.3. The evolution of activities for libraries: future priorities? 19011.3.1. Evolution of activities 19011.3.2. Two future priorities for libraries 19111.4. Bibliography 193Chapter 12. The Revel@Nice Project: the Creation and Prospects of a Pioneering Site of Online Periodicals and Journals 195Michel ROLAND12.1. The project 19512.1.1. Purpose of the site 19512.1.2. History 19712.2. Creation 19912.2.1. Timetable for the creation of the site 20112.2.2. Human resources and project management 20112.2.3. Precisions and modifications 20312.2.4. Launch of the site and performance analysis 20412.3. Sustainability and longevity 20512.3.1. Publishing sustainability 20512.3.2. Technological sustainability 20512.3.3. Institutional sustainability 20612.4. Post-scriptum: today 20712.4.1. Visibility 20712.4.2. Versioning 20712.4.3. Current prospects and perspectives 208Chapter 13. Evaluating the Use and Users of Digital Journal Libraries 211David NICHOLAS and Paul HUNTINGTON13.1. Introduction 21113.2. Digital libraries evaluated 21313.3. Use of digital journals 21413.3.1. Downloads (ranked lists) 21513.3.2. Article use 21513.4. Site penetration and “bouncing” 21613.4.1. Infrequent visitors 21713.5. Reflections on what constitutes a digital library “user” 21713.6. Reflecting on the meaning of “use” 21813.7. Widespread popular interest in digital journals 21813.7.1. The rising popularity of the e-journal 21813.7.2. Abstracts make a come back 21913.8. Search approaches 21913.9. User diversity 22013.10. Conclusions 22113.11. Bibliography 222Chapter 14. Digital Collections in Libraries: Development and Continuity 223Hélène ROUSSEL14.1. Introduction 22314.2. Adaptations and alterations in the document chain 22414.2.1. Identification and selection 22414.2.2. Purchases, subscriptions and licenses 22514.2.3. Intellectual and physical processing of documents 22714.3. Searching and catalogs 22914.4. … searching and mega-catalogs 23014.5. Organization of collections 23114.6. Physical processing, accessibility and placement online 23114.7. Preservation 23214.8. … and dissemination 23214.9. Conclusion 23314.10. Bibliography 234Chapter 15. Ergonomic Standards and the Uses of Digital Libraries 235Nicole LOMPRÉ15.1. Introduction 23515.2. The evolution of ergonomic standards for user interfaces 23615.2.1. Guidelines for leading computer manufacturers 24015.2.2. Recommendations by WCAG for accessibility and standard number ISO/DIS 9241-171 24215.2.3. Publishers and ergonomic recommendations 24515.3. Study of the uses of digital libraries 24715.3.1. Libraries and privileged relationships with the users 24715.3.2. Getting lost in digital library interfaces 24815.3.3. The use of online catalogs and databases 24915.3.4. Listening to the researchers’ needs 25215.3.5. User-centered focus groups within libraries 25315.3.6. Suggested recommendations for improving digital libraries 25315.3.7. Recommendations based on user opinions 25615.4. Conclusion 25615.5. Bibliography 258Chapter 16. A Document Information System Within the University: From the Project’s Conception to its Installation 263Corinne LEBLOND16.1. Where do the university and its document information system originate from? Conditions for use of such a system 26516.1.1. Local context: the document information system within the university 26516.1.2. The emergence and development of a regional online university 26616.2. The implementation of the document information system 26716.2.1. The success of the modernization of documentation 26716.2.2. The objectives and main priorities of the document information system 26816.3. From the idea to reality: the spread of the document management system and the documentation portal 27316.3.1. Technical configuration of the document information system 27316.3.2. The document information system as a development tool 27316.3.3. The services on offer when carrying out research from the documentation portal 27516.4. The evolution and spread of the document information system 27716.4.1. Strengthening co-operation with other university services in order to gather and broadcast all of the digital information that has been produced 27716.4.2. The integration of the document information system within the global information system of the University of Artois 27816.4.3. Providing the content for the document information system 27916.5. Uses and feedback 28016.6. Prospects and development 283Chapter 17. Do Libraries Have a Future in Academia? 285Robert CAMPBELL17.1. The control of knowledge 28517.2. The changing use of journals 28617.3. Will the serials librarian survive? 28717.4. Towards a more efficient system 28817.5. The challenge ahead 29017.6. The versioning problem 29117.7. Developing countries 29117.8. Open computation 29117.9. Conclusion 29217.10. Bibliography 293List of Authors 295Index 299