Stéphane Bonelli is a Research Professor at the French Environmental Sciences and Technologies Research Institute (Cemagref). He graduated in Civil Engineering in 1988, obtained his PhD in Geomechanics in 1993 and holds a Habilitation from Marseille University. He created the Geomechanics and Erosion team in 2002 (12 people). He has over 20 years of teaching and research experience, and has published more than 60 papers on various aspects of numerical modelling of earthdams, internal erosion and monitoring data analysis. He has been a member of FrCOLD (French Committee on Large Dams) since 1998. He has been a member of the ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams) European Working Group on Internal Erosion since 2005. He participated to 19 large dams reviews in Fance (visual inspection, monitoring data analysis and numerical modeling). Current activities include research, teaching and consultancy, focussing on soil erosion and the processes of levee breach.

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• Foreword xiiiPaul ROYETIntroduction xvStéphane BONELLIChapter 1. Introduction to the Process of Internal Erosion in Hydraulic Structures: Embankment Dams and Dikes 1Jacques FRY1.1. Introduction 11.2. The significance of internal erosion for hydraulic structures 21.3. The impact of incidents on embankment dams and dikes 51.4. Main results of erosion trials 161.5. Remarks on the applicability of erosion trials 241.6. Conclusion 351.7. Bibliography 36 Chapter 2. Suffusion, Transport and Filtration of Fine Particles in Granular Soil 39Didier MAROT and Ahmed BENAMAR2.1. Introduction 392.2. Dominant parameters that influence suffusion 412.3. Main initiation criteria for suffusion 452.4. An initiation criterion formulated using a geohydromechanical approach 532.5. The scaling effect and the energetic approach 552.6. Coupling the phenomena of suffusion and filtration-clogging 582.7. Processes causing filtration 592.8. Filtration modeling 642.9. Confrontation between the laboratory filtration tests and the modeling 692.10. Filtration and clogging 712.11. Conclusion 742.12. Bibliography 75Chapter 3. The Process of Filtration in Granular Materials 81Eric VINCENS, Nadège REBOUL and Bernard CAMBOU3.1. Introduction 813.2. Fundamental characteristics of the filtering granular media 823.3. The distribution of constriction size 843.4. A probabilistic approach of constriction sizes 923.5. Diameter of control constrictions 993.6. A continuous approach of the process of filtration 1053.7. Conclusion 1103.8. Bibliography 111Chapter 4. Contact Erosion between Two Soils 115Rémi BÉGUIN, Pierre PHILIPPE, Yves-Henri FAURE and Cyril GUIDOUX4.1. Introduction 1154.2. Areas prone to CE in hydraulic structures 1164.3. Description of CE mechanisms on a local scale 1204.4. CE of a fine soil under a coarse soil 1314.5. CE of a fine soil on a coarse soil 1464.6. Possible scenarios that may lead to failure of a hydraulic structure 1494.7. Conclusion and perspectives 1514.8. Bibliography 152Chapter 5. Concentrated Leak Erosion 155Nadia BENAHMED, Christophe CHEVALIER and Stéphane BONELLI5.1. Introduction 1555.2. General points 1565.3. The device and the protocol of the HET 1605.4. Methods of interpretation 1645.5. Effect of different soil parameters on erosion 1745.6. Importance of the erosion index for hydraulic structures 1815.7. Conclusion 1835.8. Bibliography 184Chapter 6. Modeling of Interfacial Erosion 187Stéphane BONELLI, Frédéric GOLAY and Fabienne MERCIER6.1. Introduction 1876.2. Modeling of a two-phase medium 1896.3. Modeling of the soil/fluid interface 1956.4. Modeling of flow with erosion 1986.5. Numerical modeling 2056.6. Validation of numerical models 2096.7. Illustrative examples 2136.8. Conclusion 2196.9. Bibliography 219Chapter 7. Physics of Sediment and Aeolian Transport 223Bruno ANDREOTTI and Philippe CLAUDIN7.1. Introduction 2237.2. Static transport threshold 2247.3. Aeolian transport 2277.4. Quantitative description of transport 2327.5. Linear stability analysis of a flat erodible bed 2407.6. Conclusion 2487.7. Acknowledgments 2497.8. Bibliography 249Chapter 8. Two-Phase Modeling of Bedload Transport 253Pascale AUSSILLOUS, Elisabeth GUAZZELLI and Yannick PEYSSON8.1. Introduction 2538.2. Incipient motion 2548.3. Bedload transport 2658.4. Conclusion and outlook 2768.5. Acknowledgments 2768.6. Bibliography 277Chapter 9. Characterization of Natural Cohesive Sediments and Water Quality of Rivers 281Fabien TERNAT, Patrick BOYER, Fabien ANSELMET and Muriel AMIELH9.1. Introduction 2819.2. Behavior of pollutants in rivers 2829.3. Erosion of fine cohesive sediments 2929.4. Experimental characterization 3029.5. Example of operational application 3109.6. Conclusion 3179.7. Bibliography 319Chapter 10. Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics in Nearshore Areas 325Vincent REY and Damien SOUS10.1. Introduction 32510.2. Marine sediments 32610.3. Sediment transport 33110.4. Sediment structures and morphodynamic structures 33610.5. Local effects: scouring around the structures 35110.6. Long-term morphodynamics of beaches 35410.7. Conclusion 35910.8. Bibliography 360List of Authors 365Index 369

Stéphane Bonelli is a Research Professor at the French Environmental Sciences and Technologies Research Institute (Cemagref). He graduated in Civil Engineering in 1988, obtained his PhD in Geomechanics in 1993 and holds a Habilitation from Marseille University. He created the Geomechanics and Erosion team in 2002 (12 people). He has over 20 years of teaching and research experience, and has published more than 60 papers on various aspects of numerical modelling of earthdams, internal erosion and monitoring data analysis. He has been a member of FrCOLD (French Committee on Large Dams) since 1998. He has been a member of the ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams) European Working Group on Internal Erosion since 2005. He participated to 19 large dams reviews in Fance (visual inspection, monitoring data analysis and numerical modeling). Current activities include research, teaching and consultancy, focussing on soil erosion and the processes of levee breach.

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• Foreword xiiiPaul ROYETIntroduction xvStéphane BONELLIChapter 1. Introduction to the Process of Internal Erosion in Hydraulic Structures: Embankment Dams and Dikes 1Jacques FRY1.1. Introduction 11.2. The significance of internal erosion for hydraulic structures 21.3. The impact of incidents on embankment dams and dikes 51.4. Main results of erosion trials 161.5. Remarks on the applicability of erosion trials 241.6. Conclusion 351.7. Bibliography 36 Chapter 2. Suffusion, Transport and Filtration of Fine Particles in Granular Soil 39Didier MAROT and Ahmed BENAMAR2.1. Introduction 392.2. Dominant parameters that influence suffusion 412.3. Main initiation criteria for suffusion 452.4. An initiation criterion formulated using a geohydromechanical approach 532.5. The scaling effect and the energetic approach 552.6. Coupling the phenomena of suffusion and filtration-clogging 582.7. Processes causing filtration 592.8. Filtration modeling 642.9. Confrontation between the laboratory filtration tests and the modeling 692.10. Filtration and clogging 712.11. Conclusion 742.12. Bibliography 75Chapter 3. The Process of Filtration in Granular Materials 81Eric VINCENS, Nadège REBOUL and Bernard CAMBOU3.1. Introduction 813.2. Fundamental characteristics of the filtering granular media 823.3. The distribution of constriction size 843.4. A probabilistic approach of constriction sizes 923.5. Diameter of control constrictions 993.6. A continuous approach of the process of filtration 1053.7. Conclusion 1103.8. Bibliography 111Chapter 4. Contact Erosion between Two Soils 115Rémi BÉGUIN, Pierre PHILIPPE, Yves-Henri FAURE and Cyril GUIDOUX4.1. Introduction 1154.2. Areas prone to CE in hydraulic structures 1164.3. Description of CE mechanisms on a local scale 1204.4. CE of a fine soil under a coarse soil 1314.5. CE of a fine soil on a coarse soil 1464.6. Possible scenarios that may lead to failure of a hydraulic structure 1494.7. Conclusion and perspectives 1514.8. Bibliography 152Chapter 5. Concentrated Leak Erosion 155Nadia BENAHMED, Christophe CHEVALIER and Stéphane BONELLI5.1. Introduction 1555.2. General points 1565.3. The device and the protocol of the HET 1605.4. Methods of interpretation 1645.5. Effect of different soil parameters on erosion 1745.6. Importance of the erosion index for hydraulic structures 1815.7. Conclusion 1835.8. Bibliography 184Chapter 6. Modeling of Interfacial Erosion 187Stéphane BONELLI, Frédéric GOLAY and Fabienne MERCIER6.1. Introduction 1876.2. Modeling of a two-phase medium 1896.3. Modeling of the soil/fluid interface 1956.4. Modeling of flow with erosion 1986.5. Numerical modeling 2056.6. Validation of numerical models 2096.7. Illustrative examples 2136.8. Conclusion 2196.9. Bibliography 219Chapter 7. Physics of Sediment and Aeolian Transport 223Bruno ANDREOTTI and Philippe CLAUDIN7.1. Introduction 2237.2. Static transport threshold 2247.3. Aeolian transport 2277.4. Quantitative description of transport 2327.5. Linear stability analysis of a flat erodible bed 2407.6. Conclusion 2487.7. Acknowledgments 2497.8. Bibliography 249Chapter 8. Two-Phase Modeling of Bedload Transport 253Pascale AUSSILLOUS, Elisabeth GUAZZELLI and Yannick PEYSSON8.1. Introduction 2538.2. Incipient motion 2548.3. Bedload transport 2658.4. Conclusion and outlook 2768.5. Acknowledgments 2768.6. Bibliography 277Chapter 9. Characterization of Natural Cohesive Sediments and Water Quality of Rivers 281Fabien TERNAT, Patrick BOYER, Fabien ANSELMET and Muriel AMIELH9.1. Introduction 2819.2. Behavior of pollutants in rivers 2829.3. Erosion of fine cohesive sediments 2929.4. Experimental characterization 3029.5. Example of operational application 3109.6. Conclusion 3179.7. Bibliography 319Chapter 10. Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics in Nearshore Areas 325Vincent REY and Damien SOUS10.1. Introduction 32510.2. Marine sediments 32610.3. Sediment transport 33110.4. Sediment structures and morphodynamic structures 33610.5. Local effects: scouring around the structures 35110.6. Long-term morphodynamics of beaches 35410.7. Conclusion 35910.8. Bibliography 360List of Authors 365Index 369

Stéphane Bonelli is a Research Professor at the French Environmental Sciences and Technologies Research Institute (Cemagref). He graduated in Civil Engineering in 1988, obtained his PhD in Geomechanics in 1993 and holds a Habilitation from Marseille University. He created the Geomechanics and Erosion team in 2002 (12 people). He has over 20 years of teaching and research experience, and has published more than 60 papers on various aspects of numerical modelling of earthdams, internal erosion and monitoring data analysis. He has been a member of FrCOLD (French Committee on Large Dams) since 1998. He has been a member of the ICOLD (International Commission on Large Dams) European Working Group on Internal Erosion since 2005. He participated to 19 large dams reviews in Fance (visual inspection, monitoring data analysis and numerical modeling). Current activities include research, teaching and consultancy, focussing on soil erosion and the processes of levee breach.

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• Foreword xiiiPaul ROYETIntroduction xvStéphane BONELLIChapter 1. Introduction to the Process of Internal Erosion in Hydraulic Structures: Embankment Dams and Dikes 1Jacques FRY1.1. Introduction 11.2. The significance of internal erosion for hydraulic structures 21.3. The impact of incidents on embankment dams and dikes 51.4. Main results of erosion trials 161.5. Remarks on the applicability of erosion trials 241.6. Conclusion 351.7. Bibliography 36 Chapter 2. Suffusion, Transport and Filtration of Fine Particles in Granular Soil 39Didier MAROT and Ahmed BENAMAR2.1. Introduction 392.2. Dominant parameters that influence suffusion 412.3. Main initiation criteria for suffusion 452.4. An initiation criterion formulated using a geohydromechanical approach 532.5. The scaling effect and the energetic approach 552.6. Coupling the phenomena of suffusion and filtration-clogging 582.7. Processes causing filtration 592.8. Filtration modeling 642.9. Confrontation between the laboratory filtration tests and the modeling 692.10. Filtration and clogging 712.11. Conclusion 742.12. Bibliography 75Chapter 3. The Process of Filtration in Granular Materials 81Eric VINCENS, Nadège REBOUL and Bernard CAMBOU3.1. Introduction 813.2. Fundamental characteristics of the filtering granular media 823.3. The distribution of constriction size 843.4. A probabilistic approach of constriction sizes 923.5. Diameter of control constrictions 993.6. A continuous approach of the process of filtration 1053.7. Conclusion 1103.8. Bibliography 111Chapter 4. Contact Erosion between Two Soils 115Rémi BÉGUIN, Pierre PHILIPPE, Yves-Henri FAURE and Cyril GUIDOUX4.1. Introduction 1154.2. Areas prone to CE in hydraulic structures 1164.3. Description of CE mechanisms on a local scale 1204.4. CE of a fine soil under a coarse soil 1314.5. CE of a fine soil on a coarse soil 1464.6. Possible scenarios that may lead to failure of a hydraulic structure 1494.7. Conclusion and perspectives 1514.8. Bibliography 152Chapter 5. Concentrated Leak Erosion 155Nadia BENAHMED, Christophe CHEVALIER and Stéphane BONELLI5.1. Introduction 1555.2. General points 1565.3. The device and the protocol of the HET 1605.4. Methods of interpretation 1645.5. Effect of different soil parameters on erosion 1745.6. Importance of the erosion index for hydraulic structures 1815.7. Conclusion 1835.8. Bibliography 184Chapter 6. Modeling of Interfacial Erosion 187Stéphane BONELLI, Frédéric GOLAY and Fabienne MERCIER6.1. Introduction 1876.2. Modeling of a two-phase medium 1896.3. Modeling of the soil/fluid interface 1956.4. Modeling of flow with erosion 1986.5. Numerical modeling 2056.6. Validation of numerical models 2096.7. Illustrative examples 2136.8. Conclusion 2196.9. Bibliography 219Chapter 7. Physics of Sediment and Aeolian Transport 223Bruno ANDREOTTI and Philippe CLAUDIN7.1. Introduction 2237.2. Static transport threshold 2247.3. Aeolian transport 2277.4. Quantitative description of transport 2327.5. Linear stability analysis of a flat erodible bed 2407.6. Conclusion 2487.7. Acknowledgments 2497.8. Bibliography 249Chapter 8. Two-Phase Modeling of Bedload Transport 253Pascale AUSSILLOUS, Elisabeth GUAZZELLI and Yannick PEYSSON8.1. Introduction 2538.2. Incipient motion 2548.3. Bedload transport 2658.4. Conclusion and outlook 2768.5. Acknowledgments 2768.6. Bibliography 277Chapter 9. Characterization of Natural Cohesive Sediments and Water Quality of Rivers 281Fabien TERNAT, Patrick BOYER, Fabien ANSELMET and Muriel AMIELH9.1. Introduction 2819.2. Behavior of pollutants in rivers 2829.3. Erosion of fine cohesive sediments 2929.4. Experimental characterization 3029.5. Example of operational application 3109.6. Conclusion 3179.7. Bibliography 319Chapter 10. Sediment Transport and Morphodynamics in Nearshore Areas 325Vincent REY and Damien SOUS10.1. Introduction 32510.2. Marine sediments 32610.3. Sediment transport 33110.4. Sediment structures and morphodynamic structures 33610.5. Local effects: scouring around the structures 35110.6. Long-term morphodynamics of beaches 35410.7. Conclusion 35910.8. Bibliography 360List of Authors 365Index 369