Marc Belleville is research director and chief scientist of the Architecture, IC Design and Embedded Software division at MINATEC (Center for Innovation in Micro & Nanotechnology), Grenoble, France. His background is mostly focused on the interactions between design and advanced technologies (SOI, heterogeneous or 3D design for instance). He has been an active member of two CATRENE Scientific Committee working groups: 'energy autonomous systems: future trends in devices, technology and systems' and 'towards and beyond 2015: technology, devices, circuits and systems'.Cyril Condemine works at the CEA-LETI Laboratory at MINATEC (Center for Innovation in Micro & Nanotechnology), Grenoble, France. He has been involved in the development of integrated sensor interfaces, mainly based on sigma-delta modulators, and in the design of integrated DC/DC converters for power management and energy scavenging. Since 2007 he has been the head of the Microsystems IC design team.

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• Introduction. Introduction to Energy Autonomous Micro and Nano Systems and Presentation of Contributions xiiiMarc BELLEVILLE and Cyril CONDEMINEI.1. Context of energy-autonomous systems and micro-nanosystems xiiiI.2. Sample applications xviI.3. Energy harvesting, storage and conversion xviiI.4. Data acquisition, processing and transmission xviiiI.5. Energy management xixI.6. Bibliography xxChapter 1. Sensors at the Core of Building Control 1Gilles CHABANIS, Laurent CHIESI, Hynek RAISIGEL, Isabelle RESSEJAC and Véronique BOUTIN1.1. Introduction 11.2. Sensors in buildings 21.3. New sensor needs 31.4. An example: the HOMES comfort sensor prototype 101.5. Conclusion 201.6. Bibliography 21Chapter 2. Toward Energy Autonomous Medical Implants 23Raymond CAMPAGNOLO and Daniel KROISS2.1. Introduction 232.2. Current and potential applications 242.3. Conclusion 552.4. Bibliography 57Chapter 3. Energy Autonomous Systems in Aeronautic Applications 59Thomas BECKER, Jirka KLAUE and Martin KLUGE3.1. Motivation 593.2. Wireless systems 623.3. Autonomous systems 713.4. Summary 793.5. Bibliography 79Chapter 4. Energy Harvesting by Photovoltaic Effect 83Emmanuelle ROUVIÈRE, Simon PERRAUD, Cyril CONDEMINE and Guy WALTISPERGER4.1. Introduction 834.2. Light power available indoors and outdoors 844.3. Photovoltaic cell: physical principle and model 884.4. Comparison between various photovoltaic cell technologies 964.5. Electronic management 974.6. Conclusion 1104.7. Bibliography 110Chapter 5. Mechanical Energy Harvesting 115Ghislain DESPESSE, Jean Jacques CHAILLOUT, Sébastien BOISSEAU and Claire JEAN-MISTRAL5.1. Energy-harvesting analysis 1155.2. Main sources and conversion principles of mechanical energy 1165.3. Harvesting mechanical energy from vibrations 1225.4. Mechanical energy harvesting from forces/deformations 1385.5. Conclusions and perspectives on mechanical energy harvesting 1425.6. Bibliography 142Chapter 6. Thermal Energy Harvesting 153Tristan CAROFF, Emmanuelle ROUVIÈRE and Jérôme WILLEMIN6.1. General presentation 1536.2. Energy harvesting by thermoelectric effect 1546.3. Thermoelectric materials 1606.4. Technological trends 1626.5. Implementation constraints and optimization 1676.6. Electronic management of autonomous thermoelectric systems 1726.7. Conclusions on thermal energy-harvesting systems 1826.8. Bibliography 183Chapter 7. Lithium Micro-Batteries 185Raphaël SALOT7.1. Development of lithium batteries over 20 years 1867.2. The lithium system aiming for strong miniaturization properties 1917.3. Bibliography 204Chapter 8. Ultra-Low-Power Sensors 207Pascal NOUET, Norbert DUMAS, Laurent LATORRE and Frédérick MAILLY8.1. Introduction 2078.2. Overview of sensors and their proximity electronics 2088.3. Capacitive sensors 2138.4. Resistive sensors 2328.5. Conclusions 2368.6. Bibliography 237Chapter 9. Ultra-Low-Power Signal Processing in Autonomous Systems 241Christian PIGUET9.1. Low-power consumption 2429.2. Digital signal processors 2459.3. Decreasing static power consumption 2549.4. Asynchronous architectures 2609.5. Error tolerance 2649.6. Conclusion 2669.7. Bibliography 267Chapter 10. Ultra-Low-Power Radio Frequency Communications and Protocols 273Eric MERCIER10.1. Introduction 27310.2. Radio frequency and associated restrictions 27410.3. Communication standards and protocols 27910.4. Components and solutions 28910.5. Conclusion 29710.6. Bibliography 298Chapter 11. Energy Management in an Autonomous Microsystem 301Jean-Frédéric CHRISTMANN, Edith BEIGNE, Cyril CONDEMINE, Jérôme WILLEMIN and Christian PIGUET11.1. Wireless sensor nodes 30311.2. Power supplied by energy recuperators 30611.3. Distribution, conversion and energy storage architectures 30811.4. Implementing regulators 31411.5. Algorithms 31711.6. Conclusion 32211.7. Bibliography 322Chapter 12. Optimizing Energy Efficiency of Sensor Networks 325Olivier SENTIEYS and Olivier BERDER12.1. Introduction 32512.2. Optimization methodology 32812.3. Energy consumption model 32912.4. Hardware optimization 33212.5. Software organization and efficient protocols 34312.6. Optimizing energy of algorithms 34612.7. Conclusion and perspectives 35412.8. Bibliography 355List of Authors 361Index 365

Marc Belleville is research director and chief scientist of the Architecture, IC Design and Embedded Software division at MINATEC (Center for Innovation in Micro & Nanotechnology), Grenoble, France. His background is mostly focused on the interactions between design and advanced technologies (SOI, heterogeneous or 3D design for instance). He has been an active member of two CATRENE Scientific Committee working groups: 'energy autonomous systems: future trends in devices, technology and systems' and 'towards and beyond 2015: technology, devices, circuits and systems'.Cyril Condemine works at the CEA-LETI Laboratory at MINATEC (Center for Innovation in Micro & Nanotechnology), Grenoble, France. He has been involved in the development of integrated sensor interfaces, mainly based on sigma-delta modulators, and in the design of integrated DC/DC converters for power management and energy scavenging. Since 2007 he has been the head of the Microsystems IC design team.

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• Introduction. Introduction to Energy Autonomous Micro and Nano Systems and Presentation of Contributions xiiiMarc BELLEVILLE and Cyril CONDEMINEI.1. Context of energy-autonomous systems and micro-nanosystems xiiiI.2. Sample applications xviI.3. Energy harvesting, storage and conversion xviiI.4. Data acquisition, processing and transmission xviiiI.5. Energy management xixI.6. Bibliography xxChapter 1. Sensors at the Core of Building Control 1Gilles CHABANIS, Laurent CHIESI, Hynek RAISIGEL, Isabelle RESSEJAC and Véronique BOUTIN1.1. Introduction 11.2. Sensors in buildings 21.3. New sensor needs 31.4. An example: the HOMES comfort sensor prototype 101.5. Conclusion 201.6. Bibliography 21Chapter 2. Toward Energy Autonomous Medical Implants 23Raymond CAMPAGNOLO and Daniel KROISS2.1. Introduction 232.2. Current and potential applications 242.3. Conclusion 552.4. Bibliography 57Chapter 3. Energy Autonomous Systems in Aeronautic Applications 59Thomas BECKER, Jirka KLAUE and Martin KLUGE3.1. Motivation 593.2. Wireless systems 623.3. Autonomous systems 713.4. Summary 793.5. Bibliography 79Chapter 4. Energy Harvesting by Photovoltaic Effect 83Emmanuelle ROUVIÈRE, Simon PERRAUD, Cyril CONDEMINE and Guy WALTISPERGER4.1. Introduction 834.2. Light power available indoors and outdoors 844.3. Photovoltaic cell: physical principle and model 884.4. Comparison between various photovoltaic cell technologies 964.5. Electronic management 974.6. Conclusion 1104.7. Bibliography 110Chapter 5. Mechanical Energy Harvesting 115Ghislain DESPESSE, Jean Jacques CHAILLOUT, Sébastien BOISSEAU and Claire JEAN-MISTRAL5.1. Energy-harvesting analysis 1155.2. Main sources and conversion principles of mechanical energy 1165.3. Harvesting mechanical energy from vibrations 1225.4. Mechanical energy harvesting from forces/deformations 1385.5. Conclusions and perspectives on mechanical energy harvesting 1425.6. Bibliography 142Chapter 6. Thermal Energy Harvesting 153Tristan CAROFF, Emmanuelle ROUVIÈRE and Jérôme WILLEMIN6.1. General presentation 1536.2. Energy harvesting by thermoelectric effect 1546.3. Thermoelectric materials 1606.4. Technological trends 1626.5. Implementation constraints and optimization 1676.6. Electronic management of autonomous thermoelectric systems 1726.7. Conclusions on thermal energy-harvesting systems 1826.8. Bibliography 183Chapter 7. Lithium Micro-Batteries 185Raphaël SALOT7.1. Development of lithium batteries over 20 years 1867.2. The lithium system aiming for strong miniaturization properties 1917.3. Bibliography 204Chapter 8. Ultra-Low-Power Sensors 207Pascal NOUET, Norbert DUMAS, Laurent LATORRE and Frédérick MAILLY8.1. Introduction 2078.2. Overview of sensors and their proximity electronics 2088.3. Capacitive sensors 2138.4. Resistive sensors 2328.5. Conclusions 2368.6. Bibliography 237Chapter 9. Ultra-Low-Power Signal Processing in Autonomous Systems 241Christian PIGUET9.1. Low-power consumption 2429.2. Digital signal processors 2459.3. Decreasing static power consumption 2549.4. Asynchronous architectures 2609.5. Error tolerance 2649.6. Conclusion 2669.7. Bibliography 267Chapter 10. Ultra-Low-Power Radio Frequency Communications and Protocols 273Eric MERCIER10.1. Introduction 27310.2. Radio frequency and associated restrictions 27410.3. Communication standards and protocols 27910.4. Components and solutions 28910.5. Conclusion 29710.6. Bibliography 298Chapter 11. Energy Management in an Autonomous Microsystem 301Jean-Frédéric CHRISTMANN, Edith BEIGNE, Cyril CONDEMINE, Jérôme WILLEMIN and Christian PIGUET11.1. Wireless sensor nodes 30311.2. Power supplied by energy recuperators 30611.3. Distribution, conversion and energy storage architectures 30811.4. Implementing regulators 31411.5. Algorithms 31711.6. Conclusion 32211.7. Bibliography 322Chapter 12. Optimizing Energy Efficiency of Sensor Networks 325Olivier SENTIEYS and Olivier BERDER12.1. Introduction 32512.2. Optimization methodology 32812.3. Energy consumption model 32912.4. Hardware optimization 33212.5. Software organization and efficient protocols 34312.6. Optimizing energy of algorithms 34612.7. Conclusion and perspectives 35412.8. Bibliography 355List of Authors 361Index 365

Marc Belleville is research director and chief scientist of the Architecture, IC Design and Embedded Software division at MINATEC (Center for Innovation in Micro & Nanotechnology), Grenoble, France. His background is mostly focused on the interactions between design and advanced technologies (SOI, heterogeneous or 3D design for instance). He has been an active member of two CATRENE Scientific Committee working groups: 'energy autonomous systems: future trends in devices, technology and systems' and 'towards and beyond 2015: technology, devices, circuits and systems'.Cyril Condemine works at the CEA-LETI Laboratory at MINATEC (Center for Innovation in Micro & Nanotechnology), Grenoble, France. He has been involved in the development of integrated sensor interfaces, mainly based on sigma-delta modulators, and in the design of integrated DC/DC converters for power management and energy scavenging. Since 2007 he has been the head of the Microsystems IC design team.

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• Introduction. Introduction to Energy Autonomous Micro and Nano Systems and Presentation of Contributions xiiiMarc BELLEVILLE and Cyril CONDEMINEI.1. Context of energy-autonomous systems and micro-nanosystems xiiiI.2. Sample applications xviI.3. Energy harvesting, storage and conversion xviiI.4. Data acquisition, processing and transmission xviiiI.5. Energy management xixI.6. Bibliography xxChapter 1. Sensors at the Core of Building Control 1Gilles CHABANIS, Laurent CHIESI, Hynek RAISIGEL, Isabelle RESSEJAC and Véronique BOUTIN1.1. Introduction 11.2. Sensors in buildings 21.3. New sensor needs 31.4. An example: the HOMES comfort sensor prototype 101.5. Conclusion 201.6. Bibliography 21Chapter 2. Toward Energy Autonomous Medical Implants 23Raymond CAMPAGNOLO and Daniel KROISS2.1. Introduction 232.2. Current and potential applications 242.3. Conclusion 552.4. Bibliography 57Chapter 3. Energy Autonomous Systems in Aeronautic Applications 59Thomas BECKER, Jirka KLAUE and Martin KLUGE3.1. Motivation 593.2. Wireless systems 623.3. Autonomous systems 713.4. Summary 793.5. Bibliography 79Chapter 4. Energy Harvesting by Photovoltaic Effect 83Emmanuelle ROUVIÈRE, Simon PERRAUD, Cyril CONDEMINE and Guy WALTISPERGER4.1. Introduction 834.2. Light power available indoors and outdoors 844.3. Photovoltaic cell: physical principle and model 884.4. Comparison between various photovoltaic cell technologies 964.5. Electronic management 974.6. Conclusion 1104.7. Bibliography 110Chapter 5. Mechanical Energy Harvesting 115Ghislain DESPESSE, Jean Jacques CHAILLOUT, Sébastien BOISSEAU and Claire JEAN-MISTRAL5.1. Energy-harvesting analysis 1155.2. Main sources and conversion principles of mechanical energy 1165.3. Harvesting mechanical energy from vibrations 1225.4. Mechanical energy harvesting from forces/deformations 1385.5. Conclusions and perspectives on mechanical energy harvesting 1425.6. Bibliography 142Chapter 6. Thermal Energy Harvesting 153Tristan CAROFF, Emmanuelle ROUVIÈRE and Jérôme WILLEMIN6.1. General presentation 1536.2. Energy harvesting by thermoelectric effect 1546.3. Thermoelectric materials 1606.4. Technological trends 1626.5. Implementation constraints and optimization 1676.6. Electronic management of autonomous thermoelectric systems 1726.7. Conclusions on thermal energy-harvesting systems 1826.8. Bibliography 183Chapter 7. Lithium Micro-Batteries 185Raphaël SALOT7.1. Development of lithium batteries over 20 years 1867.2. The lithium system aiming for strong miniaturization properties 1917.3. Bibliography 204Chapter 8. Ultra-Low-Power Sensors 207Pascal NOUET, Norbert DUMAS, Laurent LATORRE and Frédérick MAILLY8.1. Introduction 2078.2. Overview of sensors and their proximity electronics 2088.3. Capacitive sensors 2138.4. Resistive sensors 2328.5. Conclusions 2368.6. Bibliography 237Chapter 9. Ultra-Low-Power Signal Processing in Autonomous Systems 241Christian PIGUET9.1. Low-power consumption 2429.2. Digital signal processors 2459.3. Decreasing static power consumption 2549.4. Asynchronous architectures 2609.5. Error tolerance 2649.6. Conclusion 2669.7. Bibliography 267Chapter 10. Ultra-Low-Power Radio Frequency Communications and Protocols 273Eric MERCIER10.1. Introduction 27310.2. Radio frequency and associated restrictions 27410.3. Communication standards and protocols 27910.4. Components and solutions 28910.5. Conclusion 29710.6. Bibliography 298Chapter 11. Energy Management in an Autonomous Microsystem 301Jean-Frédéric CHRISTMANN, Edith BEIGNE, Cyril CONDEMINE, Jérôme WILLEMIN and Christian PIGUET11.1. Wireless sensor nodes 30311.2. Power supplied by energy recuperators 30611.3. Distribution, conversion and energy storage architectures 30811.4. Implementing regulators 31411.5. Algorithms 31711.6. Conclusion 32211.7. Bibliography 322Chapter 12. Optimizing Energy Efficiency of Sensor Networks 325Olivier SENTIEYS and Olivier BERDER12.1. Introduction 32512.2. Optimization methodology 32812.3. Energy consumption model 32912.4. Hardware optimization 33212.5. Software organization and efficient protocols 34312.6. Optimizing energy of algorithms 34612.7. Conclusion and perspectives 35412.8. Bibliography 355List of Authors 361Index 365