Edited by Benjamin Coriat, Professor of Economics, Université Paris 13, France and Chairman, Coordinated Action on Socio-economic Research on Aids in Developing Countries, ANRS, France

• Contents:ForewordJean François DelfraissyIntroduction: A New Stage in the Fight Against the HIV/AIDS Pandemic – An Economic PerspectiveBenjamin CoriatPART I: TRIPS, GENERIC DRUGS AND ACCESS TO CARE: THE POST-2005 ISSUES1. New Antiretroviral Treatments and Post-2005 TRIPS Constraints: First Moves Towards IP Flexibilization in Developing Countries Cristina d’Almeida, Lia Hasenclever, Gaëlle Krikorian, Fabienne Orsi, Cassandra Sweet and Benjamin Coriat2. New Trends in IP Protection and Health Issues in FTA NegotiationsGaëlle Krikorian 3. Evolution of Prices and Quantities for ARV Drugs in African Countries: From Emerging to Strategic MarketsJulien Chauveau, Constance Marie Meiners, Stéphane Luchini and Jean-Paul MoattiPART II: SECURING FREE AND UNIVERSAL ACCESS: LESSONS FROM BRAZIL4. The Brazilian Experience of ‘Scaling-up’: A Public Policy Approach Guillaume Le Loup, Andreia Pereira de Assis, Maria Helena Costa-Couto, Jean-Claude Thoenig, Sonia Fleury, Kenneth Rochel de Camargo Jr and Bernard Larouzé5. Technology Transfer Agreements and Access to HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Brazilian CaseAmélie Robine6. Scaling Up and Reverse Engineering: Acquisition of Industrial Knowledge by Copying Drugs in BrazilMaurice Cassier and Marilena Correa7. Compulsory Licensing in the Real World: The Case of ARV Drugs in BrazilCristina de Albuquerque Possas PART III: FIGHTING AIDS IN THE HEART OF THE PANDEMIC: SUB-SAHARAN AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES8. HIV Prevalence Estimates: The New Deal in Sub-Saharan Africa Since 2000Joseph Larmarange9. Cost-effectiveness of HIV Antiretroviral Therapies in Resource-limited Settings Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Caroline E. Sloan and Kenneth A. Freedberg10. ‘Fragility’: A Macro-dynamic Motive to Offer Quick and General Access to ART in LDC Bruno Ventelou, Yann Videau and Jean-Paul Moatti 11. Procurement Policies, Governance Models and ARV Availability in French-speaking African Countries: An OverviewMamadou Camara, Cristina d’Almeida, Fabienne Orsi and Benjamin CoriatPART IV: BUILDING THE FUTURE: PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND THE FREE ACCESS CHALLENGE12. The Public Health Approach to Antitretroviral Treatment: The Case of CameroonSinata Koulla-Shiro and Eric Delaporte 13. The Cost of Universal Free Access for Treating HIV/AIDS in Low-Income Countries: The Case of SenegalBernard Taverne, Karim Diop and Philippe Vinard14. Implementing Funding Modalities for Free Access: The Case for a ‘Purchasing Fund System’ to Cover Medical Care for PLWHAPhilippe Vinard, Karim Diop and Bernard TaverneIndex

Edited by Benjamin Coriat, Professor of Economics, Université Paris 13, France and Chairman, Coordinated Action on Socio-economic Research on Aids in Developing Countries, ANRS, France

• Contents:ForewordJean François DelfraissyIntroduction: A New Stage in the Fight Against the HIV/AIDS Pandemic – An Economic PerspectiveBenjamin CoriatPART I: TRIPS, GENERIC DRUGS AND ACCESS TO CARE: THE POST-2005 ISSUES1. New Antiretroviral Treatments and Post-2005 TRIPS Constraints: First Moves Towards IP Flexibilization in Developing Countries Cristina d’Almeida, Lia Hasenclever, Gaëlle Krikorian, Fabienne Orsi, Cassandra Sweet and Benjamin Coriat2. New Trends in IP Protection and Health Issues in FTA NegotiationsGaëlle Krikorian 3. Evolution of Prices and Quantities for ARV Drugs in African Countries: From Emerging to Strategic MarketsJulien Chauveau, Constance Marie Meiners, Stéphane Luchini and Jean-Paul MoattiPART II: SECURING FREE AND UNIVERSAL ACCESS: LESSONS FROM BRAZIL4. The Brazilian Experience of ‘Scaling-up’: A Public Policy Approach Guillaume Le Loup, Andreia Pereira de Assis, Maria Helena Costa-Couto, Jean-Claude Thoenig, Sonia Fleury, Kenneth Rochel de Camargo Jr and Bernard Larouzé5. Technology Transfer Agreements and Access to HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Brazilian CaseAmélie Robine6. Scaling Up and Reverse Engineering: Acquisition of Industrial Knowledge by Copying Drugs in BrazilMaurice Cassier and Marilena Correa7. Compulsory Licensing in the Real World: The Case of ARV Drugs in BrazilCristina de Albuquerque Possas PART III: FIGHTING AIDS IN THE HEART OF THE PANDEMIC: SUB-SAHARAN AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES8. HIV Prevalence Estimates: The New Deal in Sub-Saharan Africa Since 2000Joseph Larmarange9. Cost-effectiveness of HIV Antiretroviral Therapies in Resource-limited Settings Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Caroline E. Sloan and Kenneth A. Freedberg10. ‘Fragility’: A Macro-dynamic Motive to Offer Quick and General Access to ART in LDC Bruno Ventelou, Yann Videau and Jean-Paul Moatti 11. Procurement Policies, Governance Models and ARV Availability in French-speaking African Countries: An OverviewMamadou Camara, Cristina d’Almeida, Fabienne Orsi and Benjamin CoriatPART IV: BUILDING THE FUTURE: PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND THE FREE ACCESS CHALLENGE12. The Public Health Approach to Antitretroviral Treatment: The Case of CameroonSinata Koulla-Shiro and Eric Delaporte 13. The Cost of Universal Free Access for Treating HIV/AIDS in Low-Income Countries: The Case of SenegalBernard Taverne, Karim Diop and Philippe Vinard14. Implementing Funding Modalities for Free Access: The Case for a ‘Purchasing Fund System’ to Cover Medical Care for PLWHAPhilippe Vinard, Karim Diop and Bernard TaverneIndex

Edited by Benjamin Coriat, Professor of Economics, Université Paris 13, France and Chairman, Coordinated Action on Socio-economic Research on Aids in Developing Countries, ANRS, France

• Contents:ForewordJean François DelfraissyIntroduction: A New Stage in the Fight Against the HIV/AIDS Pandemic – An Economic PerspectiveBenjamin CoriatPART I: TRIPS, GENERIC DRUGS AND ACCESS TO CARE: THE POST-2005 ISSUES1. New Antiretroviral Treatments and Post-2005 TRIPS Constraints: First Moves Towards IP Flexibilization in Developing Countries Cristina d’Almeida, Lia Hasenclever, Gaëlle Krikorian, Fabienne Orsi, Cassandra Sweet and Benjamin Coriat2. New Trends in IP Protection and Health Issues in FTA NegotiationsGaëlle Krikorian 3. Evolution of Prices and Quantities for ARV Drugs in African Countries: From Emerging to Strategic MarketsJulien Chauveau, Constance Marie Meiners, Stéphane Luchini and Jean-Paul MoattiPART II: SECURING FREE AND UNIVERSAL ACCESS: LESSONS FROM BRAZIL4. The Brazilian Experience of ‘Scaling-up’: A Public Policy Approach Guillaume Le Loup, Andreia Pereira de Assis, Maria Helena Costa-Couto, Jean-Claude Thoenig, Sonia Fleury, Kenneth Rochel de Camargo Jr and Bernard Larouzé5. Technology Transfer Agreements and Access to HIV/AIDS Drugs: The Brazilian CaseAmélie Robine6. Scaling Up and Reverse Engineering: Acquisition of Industrial Knowledge by Copying Drugs in BrazilMaurice Cassier and Marilena Correa7. Compulsory Licensing in the Real World: The Case of ARV Drugs in BrazilCristina de Albuquerque Possas PART III: FIGHTING AIDS IN THE HEART OF THE PANDEMIC: SUB-SAHARAN AND LOW-INCOME COUNTRIES8. HIV Prevalence Estimates: The New Deal in Sub-Saharan Africa Since 2000Joseph Larmarange9. Cost-effectiveness of HIV Antiretroviral Therapies in Resource-limited Settings Yazdan Yazdanpanah, Caroline E. Sloan and Kenneth A. Freedberg10. ‘Fragility’: A Macro-dynamic Motive to Offer Quick and General Access to ART in LDC Bruno Ventelou, Yann Videau and Jean-Paul Moatti 11. Procurement Policies, Governance Models and ARV Availability in French-speaking African Countries: An OverviewMamadou Camara, Cristina d’Almeida, Fabienne Orsi and Benjamin CoriatPART IV: BUILDING THE FUTURE: PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEMS AND THE FREE ACCESS CHALLENGE12. The Public Health Approach to Antitretroviral Treatment: The Case of CameroonSinata Koulla-Shiro and Eric Delaporte 13. The Cost of Universal Free Access for Treating HIV/AIDS in Low-Income Countries: The Case of SenegalBernard Taverne, Karim Diop and Philippe Vinard14. Implementing Funding Modalities for Free Access: The Case for a ‘Purchasing Fund System’ to Cover Medical Care for PLWHAPhilippe Vinard, Karim Diop and Bernard TaverneIndex