Economics of Crime

Edited by Isaac Ehrlich, SUNY Distinguished Professor and Chair of Economics and Melvin H. Baker Professor of American Enterprise, University at Buffalo, SUNY and Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research, US and Zhiqiang Liu, Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University at Buffalo, SUNY, US

• Contents:Volume IAcknowledgementsIntroduction Isaac Ehrlich and Zhiqiang LiuPART IINTRODUCTION: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1. Gary S. Becker (1968), ‘Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach’2. George J. Stigler (1970), ‘The Optimum Enforcement of Laws’3. Isaac Ehrlich (1996), ‘Crime, Punishment, and the Market for Offenses’PART IISUPPLY OF OFFENSES – THEORY AND METHODOLOGY 4. Isaac Ehrlich (1973), ‘Participation in Illegitimate Activities: A Theoretical and Empirical Investigation’5. M.K. Block and J.M. Heineke (1975), ‘A Labor Theoretic Analysis of the Criminal Choice’6. Raaj K. Sah (1991), ‘Social Osmosis and Patterns of Crime’7. Edward L. Glaeser, Bruce Sacerdote and José A. Scheinkman (1996), ‘Crime and Social Interactions’PART IIIPRIVATE DEMAND FOR PROTECTION – THEORY AND METHODOLOGY APrivate Demand for Self-protection – Negative Demand for Crime8. Steven Shavell (1991), ‘Individual Precautions to Prevent Theft: Private versus Socially Optimal Behavior’9. Tomas J. Philipson and Richard A. Posner (1996), ‘The Economic Epidemiology of Crime’10. Charles T. Clotfelter (1977), ‘Public Services, Private Substitutes, and the Demand for Protection Against Crime’11. Ann P. Bartel (1975), ‘An Analysis of Firm Demand for Protection Against Crime’BPrivate Enforcement of Laws12. William M. Landes and Richard A. Posner (1975), ‘The Private Enforcement of Law’13. David Friedman (1984), ‘Efficient Institutions for the Private Enforcement of Law’14. A. Mitchell Polinsky (1980), ‘Private versus Public Enforcement of Fines’PART IVPUBLIC DEMAND FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT – THEORY AND METHODOLOGY AThe Production of Law Enforcement – Police, Prosecution, and Court15. William M. Landes (1971), ‘An Economic Analysis of the Courts’16. Llad Phillips (1981), ‘The Criminal Justice System: Its Technology and Inefficiencies’17. Kwabena Gyimah-Brempong (1989), ‘Demand for Factors of Production in Municipal Police Department’BOptimal Law Enforcement Strategies18. Isaac Ehrlich (1982), ‘The Optimum Enforcement of Laws and the Concept of Justice: A Positive Analysis’19. A. Mitchell Polinsky and Steven Shavell (1979), ‘The Optimal Tradeoff between the Probability and Magnitude of Fines’20. David Friedman (1999), ‘Why Not Hang Them All: The Virtues of Inefficient Punishment’21. Gary S. Becker and George J. Stigler (1974), ‘Law Enforcement, Malfeasance, and Compensation of Enforcers’22. Isaac Ehrlich and Joel C. Gibbons (1977), ‘On the Measurement of the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment and the Theory of Deterrence’PART VMARKET EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS AGeneral Applications23. Isaac Ehrlich (1981), ‘On the Usefulness of Controlling Individuals: An Economic Analysis of Rehabilitation, Incapacitation, and Deterrence’24. Steven Balkin and John F. McDonald (1981), ‘The Market for Street Crime: An Economic Analysis of Victim-Offender Interaction’25. Jennifer F. Reinganum (1993), ‘The Law Enforcement Process and Criminal Choice’BOrganized Crime26. James M. Buchanan (1973), ‘A Defense of Organized Crime?’27. Nuno Garoupa (2000), ‘The Economics of Organized Crime and Optimal Law Enforcement’Name IndexVolume IIAcknowledgementsAn introduction by the editors to all three volumes appears in Volume IPART IGENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODELS – CRIME AND THE ECONOMY1. Ayse Imrohoroglu, Antonio Merlo and Peter Rupert (2000), ‘On the Political Economy of Income Redistribution and Crime’2. Isaac Ehrlich and Francis T. Lui (1999), ‘Bureaucratic Corruption and Endogenous Economic Growth’PART IIEMPIRICAL IMPLEMENTATION AThe Social Cost of Crime3. David A. Anderson (1999), ‘The Aggregate Burden of Crime’BSome Methodological Issues in Implementing the Economic Approach 4. W. Kip Viscusi (1986), ‘The Risks and Rewards of Criminal Activity: A Comprehensive Test of Criminal Deterrence’5. Isaac Ehrlich and George D. Brower (1987), ‘On the Issue of Causality in the Economic Model of Crime and Law Enforcement: Some Theoretical Considerations and Experimental Evidence’6. Steven D. Levitt (1997), ‘Using Electoral Cycles in Police Hiring to Estimate the Effect of Police on Crime’CStudies of Crime by Levels of Aggregation7. Ann Dryden Witte (1980), ‘Estimating the Economic Model of Crime with Individual Data’8. Samuel L. Myers, Jr. (1983), ‘Estimating the Economic Model of Crime: Employment versus Punishment Effects’9. Helen Tauchen, Ann Dryden Witte and Harriet Griesinger (1994), ‘Criminal Deterrence: Revisiting the Issue with a Birth Cohort’10. Ann P. Bartel (1979), ‘Women and Crime: An Economic Analysis’11. Richard B. Freeman (1996), ‘Why Do So Many Young American Men Commit Crimes and What Might We Do About It?’12. Steven D. Levitt (1998), ‘Juvenile Crime and Punishment’13. Edward L. Glaeser and Bruce Sacerdote (1999), ‘Why is There More Crime in Cities?’DCountry-level Studies14. Kenneth I. Wolpin (1978), ‘An Economic Analysis of Crime and Punishment in England and Wales, 1894–1967’15. William J. Furlong and Stephen L. Mehay (1981), ‘Urban Law Enforcement in Canada: An Empirical Analysis’16. Riccardo Marselli and Marco Vannini (1997), ‘Estimating a Crime Equation in the Presence of Organized Crime: Evidence from Italy’17. Björn Wahlroos (1981), ‘On Finnish Property Criminality: An Empirical Analysis of the Postwar Era Using an Ehrlich Model’18. Horst Entorf and Hannes Spengler (2000), ‘Socioeconomic and Demographic Factors of Crime in Germany – Evidence from Panel Data of the German States’19. Kenneth I. Wolpin (1980), ‘A Time Series-Cross Section Analysis of International Variation in Crime and Punishment’ECrime and the Labor Market20. Richard B. Freeman (1983), ‘Crime and Unemployment’ 21. Steven Raphael and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer (2001), ‘Identifying the Effect of Unemployment on Crime’22. Eric D. Gould, Bruce A. Weinberg and David B. Mustard (2002), ‘Crime Rates and Local Labor Market Opportunities in the United States: 1979–1997’23. Lance Lochner (2004), ‘Education, Work, and Crime: A Human Capital Approach’24. Morgan Kelly (2000), ‘Inequality and Crime’FSpecific Crime Categories25. William M. Landes (1978), ‘An Economic Study of U.S. Aircraft Hijacking, 1961–1976’26. Scott E. Atkinson, Todd Sandler and John Tschirhart (1987), ‘Terrorism in a Bargaining Framework’27. Jeff Grogger and Michael Willis (2000), ‘The Emergence of Crack Cocaine and the Rise in Urban Crime Rates’28. Hope Corman and H. Naci Mocan (2000), ‘A Time-Series Analysis of Crime, Deterrence, and Drug Abuse in New York City’29. Donald S. Kenkel (1993), ‘Drinking, Driving, and Deterrence: The Effectiveness and Social Costs of Alternative Policies’30. Joel Waldfogel (1995), ‘Are Fines and Prison Terms Used Efficiently? Evidence on Federal Fraud Offenders’Name IndexVolume III AcknowledgementsAn introduction by the editors to all three volumes appears in Volume IPART IFEDERAL AND CORPORATE CRIMES (Specific Crime Categories, continued) 1. Michael G. Allingham and Agnar Sandmo (1972), ‘Income Tax Evasion: A Theoretical Analysis’2. Michael Kent Block, Frederick Carl Nold and Joseph Gregory Sidak (1981), ‘The Deterrent Effect of Antitrust Enforcement’3. Jonathan M. Karpoff and John R. Lott, Jr. (1993), ‘The Reputational Penalty Firms Bear from Committing Criminal Fraud’PART IIDEMAND FOR PROTECTION AND ENFORCEMENT ADemand for Protection4. Itzhak Goldberg and Frederick C. Nold (1980), ‘Does Reporting Deter Burglars? An Empirical Analysis of Risk and Return in Crime’5. Timothy H. Hannan (1982), ‘Bank Robberies and Bank Security Precautions’6. Ian Ayres and Steven D. Levitt (1998), ‘Measuring Positive Externalities from Unobservable Victim Precaution: An Empirical Analysis of Lojack’7. Julie Berry Cullen and Steven D. Levitt (1999), ‘Crime, Urban Flight, and the Consequences for Cities’BGuns and Crime8. John R. Lott, Jr. and David B. Mustard (1997), ‘Crime, Deterrence, and Right-to-Carry Concealed Handguns’9. Mark Duggan (2001), ‘More Guns, More Crime’CProduction of Law Enforcement10. Daniel P. Kessler and Anne Morrison Piehl (1998), ‘The Role of Discretion in the Criminal Justice System’11. Chantale LaCasse and A. Abigail Payne (1999), ‘Federal Sentencing Guidelines and Mandatory Minimum Sentences: Do Defendants Bargain in the Shadow of the Judge?’12. Joanna M. Shepherd (2002), ‘Fear of the First Strike: The Full Deterrent Effect of California’s Two- and Three-Strikes Legislation’DImprisonment and Rehabilitation13. Philip J. Cook (1975), ‘The Correctional Carrot: Better Jobs for Parolees’14. Samuel L. Myers, Jr. (1980), ‘The Rehabilitation Effect of Punishment’15. Steven D. Levitt (1996), ‘The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence from Prison Overcrowding Litigation’PART III MURDER AND CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 16. Isaac Ehrlich (1975), ‘The Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: A Question of Life and Death’17. Isaac Ehrlich (1977), ‘Capital Punishment and Deterrence: Some Further Thoughts and Additional Evidence’18. Kenneth L. Avio (1979), ‘Capital Punishment in Canada: A Time-Series Analysis of the Deterrent Hypothesis’19. Stephen A. Hoenack and William C. Weiler (1980), ‘A Structural Model of Murder Behavior and the Criminal Justice System’20. Stephen K. Layson (1985), ‘Homicide and Deterrence: A Reexamination of the United States Time-Series Evidence’21. Walter S. McManus (1985), ‘Estimates of the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment: The Importance of the Researcher's Prior Beliefs’22. Isaac Ehrlich and Zhiqiang Liu (1999), ‘Sensitivity Analyses of the Deterrence Hypothesis: Let’s Keep the Econ in Econometrics’23. Hashem Dezhbakhsh, Paul H. Rubin and Joanna M. Shepherd (2003), ‘Does Capital Punishment Have a Deterrent Effect? New Evidence from Postmoratorium Panel Data’24. H. Naci Mocan and R. Kaj Gittings (2003), ‘Getting Off Death Row: Commuted Sentences and the Deterrent Effect of Capital Punishment’Name Index