Nicole Grajewski (PhD) is an assistant professor at the Center for International Studies at Sciences Po in Paris. She is also a nonresident scholar with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’s Nuclear Policy Program and an associate with the Project on Managing the Atom at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.

'One of the few specialists equally versed in both countries ... [she] provides valuable details.'

• List of Maps Introduction 1. The Weight of History 2. Retrenching after the Reset 3. Syria Devolves into Civil War 4. Saving Assad 5. The Battlefield and Beyond 6. Maximum Pressure 7. Forward to Eurasia and the Search for Multipolarity 8. Arms from the Ayatollahs 9. Resistance by Necessity 10. The War Came Full Circle Conclusion Notes Index

Nicole Grajewski (PhD) is an assistant professor at the Center for International Studies at Sciences Po in Paris. She is also a nonresident scholar with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’s Nuclear Policy Program and an associate with the Project on Managing the Atom at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.

'One of the few specialists equally versed in both countries ... [she] provides valuable details.'

• List of Maps Introduction 1. The Weight of History 2. Retrenching after the Reset 3. Syria Devolves into Civil War 4. Saving Assad 5. The Battlefield and Beyond 6. Maximum Pressure 7. Forward to Eurasia and the Search for Multipolarity 8. Arms from the Ayatollahs 9. Resistance by Necessity 10. The War Came Full Circle Conclusion Notes Index

Nicole Grajewski (PhD) is an assistant professor at the Center for International Studies at Sciences Po in Paris. She is also a nonresident scholar with the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’s Nuclear Policy Program and an associate with the Project on Managing the Atom at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government.

'One of the few specialists equally versed in both countries ... [she] provides valuable details.'

• List of Maps Introduction 1. The Weight of History 2. Retrenching after the Reset 3. Syria Devolves into Civil War 4. Saving Assad 5. The Battlefield and Beyond 6. Maximum Pressure 7. Forward to Eurasia and the Search for Multipolarity 8. Arms from the Ayatollahs 9. Resistance by Necessity 10. The War Came Full Circle Conclusion Notes Index