Niall Moran B.Corp (Int.), LL.B., LL.M., Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in Economic Law at Dublin City University, having previously taught at Middlesex University and Université Toulouse 1 Capitole. He holds a PhD in International Economic Law from Bocconi University. Previously, he has been a Research Associate for Pluricourts at the University of Oslo and a Visiting Researcher at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. Niall has worked for the Legal Service of the Council of the European Union. He has also worked on trade negotiations while at the European Commission’s Bilateral Relations with the Americas Unit, DG AGRI.

• Introduction.- Part I- Empirical Study.- An Empirical Analysis of Engagement in PTIAs and BITs.- Part II- Substantive Provisions.- Nondiscrimination Provisions.- Part III- Host State Flexibilities.- General Exceptions.- Preambles.- Part IV- Procedural Provisions.- Appellate Mechanisms.- Amicus Curiae Briefs.- Conclusion.

Niall Moran B.Corp (Int.), LL.B., LL.M., Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in Economic Law at Dublin City University, having previously taught at Middlesex University and Université Toulouse 1 Capitole. He holds a PhD in International Economic Law from Bocconi University. Previously, he has been a Research Associate for Pluricourts at the University of Oslo and a Visiting Researcher at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. Niall has worked for the Legal Service of the Council of the European Union. He has also worked on trade negotiations while at the European Commission’s Bilateral Relations with the Americas Unit, DG AGRI.

• Introduction.- Part I- Empirical Study.- An Empirical Analysis of Engagement in PTIAs and BITs.- Part II- Substantive Provisions.- Nondiscrimination Provisions.- Part III- Host State Flexibilities.- General Exceptions.- Preambles.- Part IV- Procedural Provisions.- Appellate Mechanisms.- Amicus Curiae Briefs.- Conclusion.

Niall Moran B.Corp (Int.), LL.B., LL.M., Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in Economic Law at Dublin City University, having previously taught at Middlesex University and Université Toulouse 1 Capitole. He holds a PhD in International Economic Law from Bocconi University. Previously, he has been a Research Associate for Pluricourts at the University of Oslo and a Visiting Researcher at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. Niall has worked for the Legal Service of the Council of the European Union. He has also worked on trade negotiations while at the European Commission’s Bilateral Relations with the Americas Unit, DG AGRI.

• Introduction.- Part I- Empirical Study.- An Empirical Analysis of Engagement in PTIAs and BITs.- Part II- Substantive Provisions.- Nondiscrimination Provisions.- Part III- Host State Flexibilities.- General Exceptions.- Preambles.- Part IV- Procedural Provisions.- Appellate Mechanisms.- Amicus Curiae Briefs.- Conclusion.