Medical and Surgical Treatment of Parathyroid Diseases

Brendan C. Stack Jr., MDDepartment of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgerySouthern Illinois University School of MedicineSpringfield, IL, USAMichael C. Singer, MDDirector, Division of Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryHenry Ford HealthDetroit, MI, USADavid C. Shonka Jr., MDDivision of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck SurgeryUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, USA

• Part I. Parathyroid Medicine.- Hypercalcemia.- Classical Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Diagnosis.- The Natural History of Untreated Hyperparathyroidism.- Variants of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Normohormonal and Normocalcemic.- Familial Hyperparathyroidism and Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Types I and II: Clinical Presentations.- Secondary (Renal) Hyperparathyroidism.- Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism.- Medical Confounders for Hypercalcemia and Hyperparathyroidism: FHH and Renal Leak, Genetics of Various Conditions/Syndromes, and More.- Part II. Parathyroid Imaging.- Approach to Imaging for Parathyroid Diseases.- Ultrasound.- Parathyroid Gland Scintigraphy: Planar, Tomography (SPECT), SPECT-CT.- Dynamic Cross-Sectional Imaging for Characterization of Parathyroid Adenomas.- Positron Emission Tomography (18FDG, Choline (18F and 11C)).- Selective Angiography and Venous Sampling.- Part III. Indications.- Primary Hyperparathyroidism: International Guidelines.- What is Symptomatic Primary Hyperparathyroidism?- Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism: Routine Surgery?- Indications for Surgery for Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism.- Part IV. Parathyroid Surgery.- Applied Embryology and Surgical Anatomy.- Unilateral Neck Exploration (Non-localized).- Bilateral Neck Exploration.- Subtotal Parathyroidectomy.- Identifying "Missing" Glands.- Reoperative Parathyroid Surgery.- Surgery for Normocalcemic Hyperparathyroidism.- Surgery for Secondary and Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism.- Surgery for Parathyroid Carcinoma.- Remote Access Parathyroidectomy.- Surgery for Pediatric Hyperparathyroidism.- Part V. Surgical Adjuncts.- Intraoperative PTH Monitoring: Optimal Algorithms.- Intraoperative Nerve Monitoring.-Radioguidance.- Autotransplantation and Cryopreservation.- Allotransplantation.- Fluorescent Imaging and Angiography.- Parathyroid Ablation.- Perioperative Parathyroid Surgical Management.- Lithium Induced pHPT.- Hypoparathyroidism.