The monograph gives a detailed exposition of the theory of general elliptic operators (scalar and matrix) and elliptic boundary value problems in Hilbert scales of Hörmander function spaces. This theory was constructed by the authors in a number of papers published in 2005–2009. It is distinguished by a systematic use of the method of interpolation with a functional parameter of abstract Hilbert spaces and Sobolev inner product spaces. This method, the theory and their applications are expounded for the first time in the monographic literature.The monograph is written in detail and in a reader-friendly style. The complete proofs of theorems are given. This monograph is intended for a wide range of mathematicians whose research interests concern with mathematical analysis and differential equations.