New materials and processes in textile production have led to a significant demand of appropriate analytical methods for the characterisation of certain functionalities. Process development and quality determination in textile and fiber research and product development require specific analytical methods, which go beyond the available series of standard procedures. The authors present a comprehensive collection of proven methods for material and fiber characterisation. The specialised analytical techniques focus on applications in textile and fiber research and will be a valuable source and inspiration for applicable scientific methods in textile product characterisation, quantification of achieved functionalisation and modification both in research/teaching and industry. Emphasis of the presented methods is given to protocols which can be realised with the use of standard equipment available in research and testing laboratories. In addition selected modern instrumental techniques are included.