João M. Fernandes and Ricardo J. Machado are Full Professors at the School of Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Portugal. They are active in the software and information systems domain for more than 20 years. Within their research activities, they regularly maintain collaborations with several industrial partners by conducting complex engineering projects.Prof. Fernandes conducts his research activities in software engineering, with a special interest in software modelling, requirements engineering, and embedded software. He was invited professor/researcher at U. Bristol (1991), Abo Akademi (2002-03), ISCTEM (2003), U. Algarve (2004-06), U. Aarhus (2006--07), and UFSC (2013).Prof. Machado conducts research activities and has coordinated more than 50 research projects in the field of information systems engineering, with a special interest in modelling approaches for analysis and design, and in process and project management life-cycles. He is a founding member of the IEEE-IES Technical Committee on Education in Engineering and Industrial Technologies.In 2009, he received the IEEE MGA Achievement Award.

• 1 Presentation of the book.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Objectives of the book.- 1.3 Structure of the book.- 1.4 Taxonomical issues.- 1.5 About the authors.- 2 Software engineering.- 2.1 Contributions for requirements engineering.- 2.2 Characterisation of the discipline.- 2.3 Software.- 2.3.1 Definition of software.- 2.3.2 Software systems and products.- 2.3.3 Domains.- 2.4 Models for the development process.- 2.4.1 Waterfall.- 2.4.2 Incremental and iterative.- 2.4.3 Transformational.- 2.4.4 Spiral.- 2.5 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 3 Requirements.- 3.1 Definition of requirement.- 3.2 Functional requirements.- 3.3 Non-functional requirements.- 3.3.1 Appearance.- 3.3.2 Usability.- 3.3.3 Performance.- 3.3.4 Operational.- 3.3.5 Maintenance and support.- 3.3.6 Security.- 3.3.7 Cultural and political.- 3.3.8 Legal.- 3.4 User and system requirements.- 3.5 Related concepts.- 3.6 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 4 Requirements engineering.- 4.1 Definition of requirements engineering.- 4.2 Activities.- 4.3 Challenges and problems.- 4.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 5 Requirements elicitation.- 5.1 Process.- 5.2 Identification of the stakeholders.- 5.3 Techniques.- 5.3.1 Individuals.- 5.3.2 Groups of persons.- 5.3.3 Artefacts.- 5.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 6 Requirements negotiation and prioritisation.- 6.1 Requirements negotiation.- 6.1.1 Negotiation process.- 6.1.2 Postures and strategies.- 6.2 Requirements prioritisation.- 6.2.1 Criteria and scales.- 6.2.2 Techniques.- 6.3 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 7 Writing in a natural language.- 7.1 Guidelines for writing.- 7.1.1 Issues to consider.- 7.1.2 Issues to avoid.- 7.2 Template for the requirements document.- 7.3 Ambiguity.- 7.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 8 Modelling.- 8.1 Definition of model.- 8.2 Model dimensions.- 8.3 Modelling ontology.- 8.3.1 System and model.- 8.3.2 Specification.- 8.3.3 Language.- 8.3.4 Mental models.- 8.3.5 Model of computation.-8.3.6 Reverse engineering perspective.- 8.3.7 Analogies.- 8.4 Models for requirements.- 8.4.1 Domain models.- 8.4.2 Use case models.- 8.4.3 Class models.- 8.4.4 Sequence models.- 8.4.5 State models.- 8.4.6 Activity models.- 8.5 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- Glossary.- References.- Index.

João M. Fernandes and Ricardo J. Machado are Full Professors at the School of Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Portugal. They are active in the software and information systems domain for more than 20 years. Within their research activities, they regularly maintain collaborations with several industrial partners by conducting complex engineering projects.Prof. Fernandes conducts his research activities in software engineering, with a special interest in software modelling, requirements engineering, and embedded software. He was invited professor/researcher at U. Bristol (1991), Abo Akademi (2002-03), ISCTEM (2003), U. Algarve (2004-06), U. Aarhus (2006--07), and UFSC (2013).Prof. Machado conducts research activities and has coordinated more than 50 research projects in the field of information systems engineering, with a special interest in modelling approaches for analysis and design, and in process and project management life-cycles. He is a founding member of the IEEE-IES Technical Committee on Education in Engineering and Industrial Technologies.In 2009, he received the IEEE MGA Achievement Award.

• 1 Presentation of the book.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Objectives of the book.- 1.3 Structure of the book.- 1.4 Taxonomical issues.- 1.5 About the authors.- 2 Software engineering.- 2.1 Contributions for requirements engineering.- 2.2 Characterisation of the discipline.- 2.3 Software.- 2.3.1 Definition of software.- 2.3.2 Software systems and products.- 2.3.3 Domains.- 2.4 Models for the development process.- 2.4.1 Waterfall.- 2.4.2 Incremental and iterative.- 2.4.3 Transformational.- 2.4.4 Spiral.- 2.5 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 3 Requirements.- 3.1 Definition of requirement.- 3.2 Functional requirements.- 3.3 Non-functional requirements.- 3.3.1 Appearance.- 3.3.2 Usability.- 3.3.3 Performance.- 3.3.4 Operational.- 3.3.5 Maintenance and support.- 3.3.6 Security.- 3.3.7 Cultural and political.- 3.3.8 Legal.- 3.4 User and system requirements.- 3.5 Related concepts.- 3.6 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 4 Requirements engineering.- 4.1 Definition of requirements engineering.- 4.2 Activities.- 4.3 Challenges and problems.- 4.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 5 Requirements elicitation.- 5.1 Process.- 5.2 Identification of the stakeholders.- 5.3 Techniques.- 5.3.1 Individuals.- 5.3.2 Groups of persons.- 5.3.3 Artefacts.- 5.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 6 Requirements negotiation and prioritisation.- 6.1 Requirements negotiation.- 6.1.1 Negotiation process.- 6.1.2 Postures and strategies.- 6.2 Requirements prioritisation.- 6.2.1 Criteria and scales.- 6.2.2 Techniques.- 6.3 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 7 Writing in a natural language.- 7.1 Guidelines for writing.- 7.1.1 Issues to consider.- 7.1.2 Issues to avoid.- 7.2 Template for the requirements document.- 7.3 Ambiguity.- 7.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 8 Modelling.- 8.1 Definition of model.- 8.2 Model dimensions.- 8.3 Modelling ontology.- 8.3.1 System and model.- 8.3.2 Specification.- 8.3.3 Language.- 8.3.4 Mental models.- 8.3.5 Model of computation.-8.3.6 Reverse engineering perspective.- 8.3.7 Analogies.- 8.4 Models for requirements.- 8.4.1 Domain models.- 8.4.2 Use case models.- 8.4.3 Class models.- 8.4.4 Sequence models.- 8.4.5 State models.- 8.4.6 Activity models.- 8.5 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- Glossary.- References.- Index.

João M. Fernandes and Ricardo J. Machado are Full Professors at the School of Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Portugal. They are active in the software and information systems domain for more than 20 years. Within their research activities, they regularly maintain collaborations with several industrial partners by conducting complex engineering projects.Prof. Fernandes conducts his research activities in software engineering, with a special interest in software modelling, requirements engineering, and embedded software. He was invited professor/researcher at U. Bristol (1991), Abo Akademi (2002-03), ISCTEM (2003), U. Algarve (2004-06), U. Aarhus (2006--07), and UFSC (2013).Prof. Machado conducts research activities and has coordinated more than 50 research projects in the field of information systems engineering, with a special interest in modelling approaches for analysis and design, and in process and project management life-cycles. He is a founding member of the IEEE-IES Technical Committee on Education in Engineering and Industrial Technologies.In 2009, he received the IEEE MGA Achievement Award.

• 1 Presentation of the book.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Objectives of the book.- 1.3 Structure of the book.- 1.4 Taxonomical issues.- 1.5 About the authors.- 2 Software engineering.- 2.1 Contributions for requirements engineering.- 2.2 Characterisation of the discipline.- 2.3 Software.- 2.3.1 Definition of software.- 2.3.2 Software systems and products.- 2.3.3 Domains.- 2.4 Models for the development process.- 2.4.1 Waterfall.- 2.4.2 Incremental and iterative.- 2.4.3 Transformational.- 2.4.4 Spiral.- 2.5 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 3 Requirements.- 3.1 Definition of requirement.- 3.2 Functional requirements.- 3.3 Non-functional requirements.- 3.3.1 Appearance.- 3.3.2 Usability.- 3.3.3 Performance.- 3.3.4 Operational.- 3.3.5 Maintenance and support.- 3.3.6 Security.- 3.3.7 Cultural and political.- 3.3.8 Legal.- 3.4 User and system requirements.- 3.5 Related concepts.- 3.6 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 4 Requirements engineering.- 4.1 Definition of requirements engineering.- 4.2 Activities.- 4.3 Challenges and problems.- 4.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 5 Requirements elicitation.- 5.1 Process.- 5.2 Identification of the stakeholders.- 5.3 Techniques.- 5.3.1 Individuals.- 5.3.2 Groups of persons.- 5.3.3 Artefacts.- 5.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 6 Requirements negotiation and prioritisation.- 6.1 Requirements negotiation.- 6.1.1 Negotiation process.- 6.1.2 Postures and strategies.- 6.2 Requirements prioritisation.- 6.2.1 Criteria and scales.- 6.2.2 Techniques.- 6.3 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 7 Writing in a natural language.- 7.1 Guidelines for writing.- 7.1.1 Issues to consider.- 7.1.2 Issues to avoid.- 7.2 Template for the requirements document.- 7.3 Ambiguity.- 7.4 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- 8 Modelling.- 8.1 Definition of model.- 8.2 Model dimensions.- 8.3 Modelling ontology.- 8.3.1 System and model.- 8.3.2 Specification.- 8.3.3 Language.- 8.3.4 Mental models.- 8.3.5 Model of computation.-8.3.6 Reverse engineering perspective.- 8.3.7 Analogies.- 8.4 Models for requirements.- 8.4.1 Domain models.- 8.4.2 Use case models.- 8.4.3 Class models.- 8.4.4 Sequence models.- 8.4.5 State models.- 8.4.6 Activity models.- 8.5 Summary.- Further reading.- Exercises.- Glossary.- References.- Index.