This monograph describes psychology in changing political environ­ments in Tsarist Russia in the mid of 19th century, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation until the year 2000. Russia and the Soviet Union are of special interest, because of the multitude of political changes. There were not only the so-called October-Revolution in 1917, which initiated the Soviet rule, and the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1990. But there were also a multitude of changes in Soviet times. In the begin­ning of the Soviet rule there were many new developments in sciences, which also affected psychology. Since Stalin assumed power, there were many developments and ideological restrictions as well.

This monograph describes psychology in changing political environ­ments in Tsarist Russia in the mid of 19th century, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation until the year 2000. Russia and the Soviet Union are of special interest, because of the multitude of political changes. There were not only the so-called October-Revolution in 1917, which initiated the Soviet rule, and the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1990. But there were also a multitude of changes in Soviet times. In the begin­ning of the Soviet rule there were many new developments in sciences, which also affected psychology. Since Stalin assumed power, there were many developments and ideological restrictions as well.

This monograph describes psychology in changing political environ­ments in Tsarist Russia in the mid of 19th century, the Soviet Union, and the Russian Federation until the year 2000. Russia and the Soviet Union are of special interest, because of the multitude of political changes. There were not only the so-called October-Revolution in 1917, which initiated the Soviet rule, and the breakdown of the Soviet Union in 1990. But there were also a multitude of changes in Soviet times. In the begin­ning of the Soviet rule there were many new developments in sciences, which also affected psychology. Since Stalin assumed power, there were many developments and ideological restrictions as well.