Green Solvents, Volume 4

Series Editor:Paul T. Anastas joined Yale University as Professor and iserves as the Director of the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale. From 2004-2006, Paul Anastas has been the Director of the Green Chemistry Institute in Washington, D.C. Until June of 2004 he served as Assistant Director for Environment at e White House Office of Science and Technology Policy where his responsibilities included a wide range of environmental science issues including furthering international public-private cooperation in areas of Science for Sustainability such as Green Chemistry. In 1991, he established the industry-government-university partnership Green Chemistry Program, which was expanded to include basic research, and the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. He has published and edited several books in the field of Green Chemistry and is one of the inventors of the 12 principles of Green Chemistry. Volume Editors:Philip Jessop is the Canada Research Chair of Green Chemistry at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. After his Ph.D. (Inorganic Chemistry, UBC, 1991) and a postdoctoral appointment at the University of Toronto, he took a contract research position in the Research Development Corp. of Japan under the supervision of Ryoji Noyori, investigating reactions in supercritical CO2. As a professor at the University of California-Davis (1996-2003) and then at Queen's University, he has studied green solvents, the conversion of CO2 to useful products, and aspects of H2 chemistry. He has presented popular chemistry shows to thousands of members of the public. Distinctions include the Canadien Catalysis Lectureship Award (2004), a Canada Research Chair (2003 to present), and the NSERC Polanyi Award (2008). He has chaired the 2007 CHEMRAWN and ICCDU Conference on Green Chemistry, and serves as Technical Director of GreenCentre Canada. Walter Leitner was born in 1963. He obtained his Ph.D. with Prof. Henri Brunner at Regensburg University in 1989 and was a Postdoctoral Fellow with Prof. John M. Brown at the University of Oxford. After research within the Max-Planck-Society under the mentorship of Profs. Eckhard Dinjus (Jena) and Manfred T. Reetz (Mülheim), he was appointed Chair of Technical Chemistry and Petrochemistry at RWTH Aachen University in 2002 as successor to Prof. Willi Keim. Walter Leitner is External Scientific Member of the Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung and Scientific Director of CAT, the joint Catalysis Research Center of RWTH Aachen and the Bayer Company.His research interests are the molecular and reaction engineering principles of catalysis as a fundamental science and key technology for Green Chemistry. In particular, this includes the development and synthetic application of organometallic catalysts and the use of alternative reaction media, especially supercritical carbon dioxide, in multiphase catalysis. Walter Leitner has published more than 170 publications in this field and co-edited among others the first edition of "Synthesis using Supercritical Fluids" and the handbook on "Multiphase Homogeneous Catalysis". Since 2004, he serves as the Scientific Editor of the Journal "Green Chemistry" published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. The research of his team has been recognized with several awards including the Gerhard-Hess-Award of the German Science Foundation (1997), the Otto-Roelen-Medal of Dechema (2001), and the Wöhler-Award of the German Chemical Society (2009).

• Introduction to Supercritical Fluids PrefaceINTRODUCTIONWhat is a Supercritical Fluid (SCF)?Practical Aspects of Reactions in Supercritical FluidsThe Motivation for Use of SCFs in Modern Chemical SynthesisThe History and Applications of SCFsHIGH-PRESSURE METHODS AND EQUIPMENTIntroductionInfrastructure for High-Pressure ExperimentsHigh-Pressure ReactorsAuxiliary Equipment and HandlingDosage Under a High-Pressure RegimeFurther Regulations and Control in Flow SystemsEvaporation and CondensationComplete Reactor Systems for Synthesis with SCFsConclusionBASIC PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, PHASE BEHAVIOR AND SOLUBILITYIntroductionBasic Physical Properties of Supercritical FluidsPhase Behavior in High-Pressure SystemsFactors Affecting Solubiliy in Supercritical FluidsEXPANDED LIQUID PHASES IN CATALYSIS: GAS-EXPANDED LIQUIDS AND LIQUID-SUPERCRITICAL FLUID BIPHASIC SYSTEMSA Practical Classification of Biphasic Systems Consisting of Liquids and Compressed Gases for Multiphase CatalysisPhysical Properties of Expanded Liquid PhasesChemisorption of Gases in Liquids and their Use for Synthesis and CatalysisUsing Gas-Expanded Liquids for CatalysisWhy Perform Liquid-SCF Biphasic Reactions?Biphasic Liquid-SCF SystemsBiphasic Reactions in EmulsionsSYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDSIntroductionHydrogenation in Supercritical FluidsHydroformylation and Related Reactions in Supercritical FluidsOxidation Reactions in Supercritical FluidsPalladium-Mediated Coupling Reactions in Supercritical FluidsMiscellaneous Catalytic Reactions in Supercritical FluidsCycloaddition Reactions in Supercritical FluidsPhotochemical Reactions in Supercritical FluidsRadical Reactions in Supercritical FluidsBiotransformations in Supercritical FluidsConclusionHETEROGENEOUS CATALYSISIntroduction and ScopeGeneral Aspects of Heterogeneous Catalysis in SCFs and GXLsSelected Examples of Heterogeneously Catalyzed Conversions in SCFs and GXLsOutlookENZYMATIC CATALYSISEnzymes in Non-Aqueous EnvironmentsSupercritical Fluids for Enzyme CatalysisEnzymatic Reactions in Supercritical FluidsReaction Parameters in Supercritical BiocatalysisStabilized Enzymes for Supercritical BiocatalysisEnzymatic Catalysis in lL-scCO2 Biphasic SystemsFuture Trends POLYMERIZATION IN SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDEGeneral AspectsPolymerization in scCO2ConclusionSYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALSIntroductionMetal and Semiconductor NanocrystalsMetal Oxide NanoparticlesCarbon NanomaterialsNanocompositesConclusionPHOTOCHEMICAL AND PHOTO-INDUCED REACTIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUID SOLVENTSIntroductionPhotochemical Reactions in Supercritical Fluid SolventsPhoto-Initiated Radical Chain Reactions in Supercritical Fluid SolventsConclusionELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONSIntroductionElectrochemical MethodsAnalytesElectrolytesElectrochemical Cell and Supercritical Fluid Delivery SystemElectrodesSolventsApplicationsConclusion and OutlookCOUPLING REAGENTS AND SEPARATION IN TUNABLE FLUIDS: PHASE TRANSFER-CATALYSIS AND ACID-CATALYZED REACTIONSIntroductionPhase Transfer CatalysisNear-Critical WaterAlkylcarbonic AcidsConclusionCHEMISTRY IN NEAR- AND SUPERCRITICAL WATERIntroductionPropertiesSynthesis ReactionsBiomass ConversionSupercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO)Inorganic Compounds in NSCWConclusionFuture Trends