Green Solvents, Volume 5

Paul T. Anastas joined Yale University as Professor and iserves as the Director of the Center for Green Chemistry and Green Engineering at Yale. From 2004-2006, Paul Anastas has been the Director of the Green Chemistry Institute in Washington, D.C. Until June of 2004 he served as Assistant Director for Environment at e White House Office of Science and Technology Policy where his responsibilities included a wide range of environmental science issues including furthering international public-private cooperation in areas of Science for Sustainability such as Green Chemistry. In 1991, he established the industry-government-university partnership Green Chemistry Program, which was expanded to include basic research, and the Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Awards. He has published and edited several books in the field of Green Chemistry and developed the 12 principles of Green Chemistry.

• THE PRINCIPLES OF AND REASONS FOR USING WATER AS A SOLVENT FOR GREEN CHEMISTRYIntroductionBinding Two Species Together Driven by the Hydrophobic Effect in WaterAromatic ChlorinationAcylation of Cyclodextrins by a Bound EsterMimics of Metalloenzymes Using the Hydrophobic Effect in WaterMimics of the Enzyme RibonucleaseMimics of Enzymes that Use Pyridoxamine Phosphate and Pyridoxal Phosphate as CoenzymesArtificial Enzymes Carrying Mimics of Thiamine PyrophosphateEnolizations and Aldol CondensationsHydrophobic Acceleration of Diels-Alder ReactionsSelectivities in Water Induced by the Hydrophobic Effect -Carbonyl ReductionsSelectivities in Water Induced by the Hydrophobic Effect -OxidationsUsing Hydrophobic Effects in Water to Determine the Geometries of Transition States for Some Important ReactionsConclusionGREEN ACID CATALYSIS IN WATERIntroductionLewis Acids in WaterChiral Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions in WaterBronsted Acid Catalysis in Pure WaterConclusion and PerspectiveGREEN BASES IN WATERIntroductionTypes of Bases and Their Use from a Green Point of ViewLiquid-Liquid ProcessesSolid-Liquid ProcessesGREEN OXIDATION IN WATERIntroductionWater-Soluble LigandsOxidations Catalyzed by Metalloporphyrins and MetallophthalocyaninesEpoxidation and Dihydroxylation of Olefins in Aqueous MediaAlcohol Oxidations in Aqueous MediaAldehyde and Ketone Oxidations in WaterSulfoxidations in WaterConclusionGREEN REDUCTION IN WATERIntroductionWater-Soluble LigandsHydrogenation in WaterTransfer Hydrogenation in WaterRole of WaterConclusionCOUPLING REACTIONS IN WATERIntroductionReaction of Carbonyl Compounds and DerivativesReaction of Alkenes and AlkynesReaction of Organic Halides and DerivativesConclusion"ON WATER" FOR GREEN CHEMISTRYIntroductionPericyclic ReactionsAddition of Heteronucleophiles to Unsaturated Carbonyl CompoundsEnantioselective Direct Aldol ReactionsCoupling ReactionsOxidationBromination ReactionsMiscellaneous ReactionsTheoretical StudiesConclusionPERICYCLIC REACTIONS IN WATER. TOWARD GREEN CHEMISTRYIntroductionPericyclic Reaction in Aqueous MediaConclusionNON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES FOR GREEN SYNTHESIS IN WATER (MICROWAVE, ULTRASOUND, AND PHOTO)IntroductionMW-Assisted Organic Transformations in Aqueous MediaSonochemical Organic Transformations in Aqueous MediaPhotochemical Transformations in Aqueous MediaConclusionFUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBOHYDRATES IN WATERIntroductionC-C Bond Formation ReactionsC-N Bond Formation ReactionsFunctionalization of Hydroxy GroupsClyco-Organic Substrates and Reactions in Aqueous Sugar SolutionsConclusionWATER UNDER EXTREME CONDITIONS FOR GREEN CHEMISTRYIntroductionBackgroundRecent Progress in HTW SynthesisWATER AS A GREEN SOLVENT FOR PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATIONSIntroduction -Is Water a Green Solvent?Water-Based Enzymatic ProcessesProcesses in Which the Product is Isolated by pH Adjustment to the Isoelectric PointCarbon-Carbon Bond-Forming Cross-Coupling Reactions in WaterPharmaceutical Processes Using Mixed Aqueous SolventsConclusionWATER AS A GREEN SOLVENT FOR BULK CHEMICALSIntroductionHydroformylation -An OverviewWater as Solvent for HydroformylationWater as Solvent in the Production of 2,7-Octadien-1-ol (Kurayray Process)Conclusion