Biology of Parasites

Richard Lucius heads the department of Molecular Parasitology at Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin (Germany). His work concentrates on the interaction between parasites and their host`s immune system. He is bearer of the Leuckart medal of the German Society of Parasitology and of the Behring-Bilharz medal. Brigitte Frank is emeritus Professor for Parasitology at Universitat Hohenheim (Germany). Since the 1990s, she has studied the life cycles of Dicrocoelium dendriticum and other trematodes as well as of cestodes of the genus Mesocestoides and Taenia. She has also worked on the biology of lung mites and other arthropod mammalian parasites. Richard Lane was formerly Director of Science at the Natural History Museum, London (UK). As a medical entomologist he studied the transmission of several insect-borne diseases, especially leishmanaisis. He has also been Head of the Vector Biology Unit at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and Head of International Health at the Wellcome Trust. Robert Poulin is Professor of Zoology at the University of Otago (New Zealand). His research group focuses on broad questions in parasite ecology and evolution. He was awarded the Hutton Medal from the Royal Society of New Zealand and the Wardle Medal from the Canadian Society of Zoologists for his outstanding contribution to parasitology. Craig W. Roberts is Professor of Parasitology at the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow (UK). His current research concentrates on (i) the interaction of Toxoplasma gondii and Acanthamoeba with their host and how this knowledge can be exploited for vaccines design and new antimicrobials and (ii) the influence of sex and pregnancy associated hormones on immunity. Richard Grencis is Professor of Immunology at the University of Manchester (UK). His research has focused on immune responses to parasites, especially intestinal nematodes. He was awarded the Wright Medal from the British Society for Parasitology for his outstanding contribution to Parasitology and he serves as co-editor-in-chief of the journal Parasite Immunology.

• Preface XI1 General Aspects of Parasite Biology 1Richard Lucius and Robert Poulin1.1 Introduction to Parasitology and Its Terminology 21.1.1 Parasites 21.1.2 Types of Interactions Between Different Species 51.1.2.1 Mutualistic Relationships 51.1.2.2 Antagonistic Relationships 61.1.3 Different Forms of Parasitism 101.1.4 Parasites and Hosts 111.1.5 Modes of Transmission 16Further Reading 171.2 What Is Unique About Parasites? 181.2.1 A Very Peculiar Habitat: The Host 181.2.2 Specific Morphological and Physiological Adaptations 221.2.3 Flexible Strategies of Reproduction 27Further Reading 291.3 The Impact of Parasites on Host Individuals and Host Populations 30Further Reading 371.4 Parasite–Host Coevolution 381.4.1 Main Features of Coevolution 381.4.2 Role of Alleles in Coevolution 421.4.3 Rareness Is an Advantage 451.4.4 Malaria as an Example of Coevolution 46Further Reading 501.5 Influence of Parasites on Mate Choice 51Further Reading 571.6 Immunobiology of Parasites 581.6.1 Defense Mechanisms of Hosts 601.6.1.1 Innate Immune Responses (Innate Immunity) 601.6.1.2 Acquired Immune Responses (Adaptive Immunity) 621.6.1.3 Scenarios of Defense Reactions Against Parasites 631.6.1.4 Immunopathology 671.6.2 Immune Evasion 681.6.3 Parasites as Opportunistic Pathogens 721.6.4 Hygiene Hypothesis: Do Parasites Have a Good Side? 74Further Reading 761.7 How Parasites Alter Their Hosts 771.7.1 Alterations of Host Cells 781.7.2 Intrusion into the Hormonal System of the Host 791.7.3 Changing the Behavior of Hosts 821.7.3.1 Increase in the Transmission of Parasites by Bloodsucking Vectors 831.7.3.2 Increase in Transmission Through the Food Chain 831.7.3.3 Introduction into the Food Chain 881.7.3.4 Changes in Habitat Preference 92Further Reading 932 Biology of Parasitic Protozoa 95Richard Lucius and Craig W. Roberts2.1 Introduction 97Further Reading 982.2 Metamonada 992.2.1 Giardia lamblia 99Further Reading 1022.3 Parabasala 1022.3.1 Trichomonas vaginalis 1032.3.2 Tritrichomonas foetus 106Further Reading 1062.4 Amoebozoa 1072.4.1 Entamoeba histolytica 1082.4.2 Entamoeba dispar 1142.4.3 Other Entamoeba Species 1142.4.4 Further Intestinal Amoebae 1152.4.5 Acanthamoeba 115Further Reading 1162.5 Euglenozoa 1172.5.1 Cell Biology and Genome 1182.5.2 Phylogeny 1212.5.3 Trypanosoma brucei 1212.5.4 Trypanosoma congolense 1312.5.5 Trypanosoma vivax 1322.5.6 Trypanosoma evansi 1332.5.7 Trypanosoma equiperdum 1332.5.8 Trypanosoma cruzi 1342.5.9 Leishmania 1412.5.9.1 Development 1422.5.9.2 Morphology 1432.5.9.3 Leishmaniosis 1432.5.9.4 Cell and Immune Biology 1432.5.10 Leishmania tropica 1482.5.11 Leishmania donovani 1502.5.12 Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania mexicana 151Further Reading 1512.6 Alveolata 1532.6.1 Apicomplexa 1552.6.1.1 Development 1552.6.1.2 Morphology 1572.6.1.3 Cell Biology 1602.6.2 Coccidea 1652.6.2.1 Cryptosporidium parvum 1662.6.2.2 Eimeria 1692.6.2.3 Eimeria tenella 1742.6.2.4 Eimeria bovis 1752.6.2.5 Isospora and Cyclospora 1752.6.2.6 Toxoplasma gondii 1762.6.2.7 Neospora caninum 1862.6.2.8 Sarcocystis 1872.6.3 Haematozoea 1902.6.3.1 Plasmodium 1902.6.3.2 Plasmodium vivax, a Causative Agent of Tertian Malaria 1992.6.3.3 Plasmodium ovale, a Causative Agent of Tertian Malaria 2002.6.3.4 Plasmodium malariae, the Causative Agent of Quartan Malaria 2002.6.3.5 Plasmodium falciparum, the Causative Agent of Malignant Tertian Malaria or Malaria tropica 2012.6.3.6 Plasmodium species of Monkeys, Rodents, and Birds 2102.6.4 Piroplasms 2112.6.4.1 Babesia 2112.6.4.2 Theileria 2142.6.5 Ciliophora 2182.6.5.1 Balantidium coli 2192.6.5.2 Ichthyophthirius multifiliis 2192.6.5.3 Trichodina 221Further Reading 2223 Parasitic Worms 225Brigitte Loos-Frank and Richard K. Grencis3.1 Platyhelminths 2283.1.1 Digenea 2303.1.1.1 Development 2303.1.1.2 Morphology 2323.1.1.3 Adults 2343.1.1.4 Systematics and Evolutionary History 2373.1.1.5 Schistosoma 2383.1.1.6 Leucochloridium paradoxum 2483.1.1.7 Diplostomum spathaceum 2483.1.1.8 Fasciola hepatica 2513.1.1.9 Opisthorchis felineus 2543.1.1.10 Paragonimus westermani 2573.1.1.11 Dicrocoelium dendriticum 259Further Reading 2623.1.2 Cestoda 2633.1.2.1 Development 2653.1.2.2 Evolution and Origin of Life Cycles 2663.1.2.3 Morphology 2663.1.2.4 Genome 2693.1.2.5 Diphyllobothriidea 2693.1.2.6 Mesocestoides 2723.1.2.7 Cyclophyllidea 2723.1.2.8 Moniezia expansa 2733.1.2.9 Hymenolepis diminuta 2743.1.2.10 Rodentolepis nana (Hymenolepis nana) 2753.1.2.11 Taeniidae 2773.1.2.12 Taenia saginata 2813.1.2.13 Taenia solium 2823.1.2.14 Taenia asiatica 2823.1.2.15 Hydatigera taeniaeformis 2833.1.2.16 Echinococcus 2833.1.2.17 Echinococcus granulosus 2833.1.2.18 Echinococcus multilocularis 2853.1.2.19 Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus 286Further Reading 2873.2 Acanthocephala 288Further Reading 2933.3 Nematoda 2943.3.1 Development 2953.3.2 Morphology 2973.3.3 Dorylaimea 3003.3.3.1 Trichinella spiralis 3003.3.3.2 Trichuris trichiura 3053.3.4 Chromadorea 3063.3.4.1 Strongyloides stercoralis 3063.3.4.2 Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus 3083.3.4.3 Angiostrongylus cantonensis 3113.3.4.4 Haemonchus contortus 3123.3.4.5 Dictyocaulus viviparus 3153.3.4.6 Ascaris lumbricoides 3153.3.4.7 Ascaris suum 3183.3.4.8 Toxocara canis 3183.3.4.9 Anisakis simplex and Anisakis spp. 3203.3.4.10 Dracunculus medinensis 3213.3.4.11 Enterobius vermicularis 3233.3.4.12 Filariae 3253.3.4.13 Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi 3263.3.4.14 Onchocerca volvulus 3303.3.4.15 Loa loa and Dirofilaria immitis 3343.3.4.16 Rodent Models of Filariosis 334Further Reading 3354 Arthropods 337Brigitte Loos-Frank and Richard P. Lane4.1 Introduction 3384.1.1 Vector Concepts 3404.1.2 Impact of Bloodfeeding 343Further Reading 3434.2 Acari – Mites and Ticks 3444.2.1 Morphology 3464.2.2 Development 3474.2.3 Anactinotrichida (= Parasitiformes) 3474.2.3.1 Mesostigmata 3474.2.3.2 Dermanyssus gallinae 3484.2.3.3 Varroa destructor 3484.2.3.4 Metastigmata (= Ixodida or Ixodoidea, Ticks) 3504.2.3.5 Development 3534.2.3.6 Tick Bites and Saliva 3534.2.3.7 Ixodidae – Hard Ticks 3544.2.3.8 Argasidae (Soft Ticks) 3584.2.3.9 Tick-Borne Diseases 3594.2.4 Actinotrichida (= Acariformes) 3614.2.4.1 Prostigmata = Actinedida = Trombidiformes 3624.2.4.2 Trombiculidae – Harvest Mites, Chiggers 3634.2.4.3 Astigmata = Acaridida = Sarcoptiformes 364Further Reading 3654.3 Crustacea 3664.3.1 Argulus foliaceus 3674.3.2 Sacculina carcini 368Further Reading 3704.4 Insecta 3704.4.1 Phthiraptera – Lice 3744.4.2 “Mallophaga” – Chewing Lice 3754.4.3 Anoplura – Sucking Lice 3754.4.3.1 Pediculus humanus capitis 3774.4.3.2 Pediculus humanus humanus 3784.4.3.3 Pthirus pubis 3784.4.3.4 Disease Transmission by Lice 3794.4.4 Heteroptera – True Bugs 3804.4.5 Triatominae – Kissing Bugs 3804.4.6 Cimicidae – Bedbugs 3824.4.6.1 Cimex lectularius 3834.4.7 Siphonaptera – Fleas 3844.4.7.1 Biology and Development 3844.4.7.2 Morphology 3854.4.7.3 Pulex irritans 3874.4.7.4 Ctenocephalides: Cat and Dog Fleas 3874.4.7.5 Tunga penetrans – Jiggers 3884.4.7.6 Disease Transmission by Fleas 3884.4.8 Diptera – Flies 3904.4.8.1 Lower Diptera 3904.4.8.2 Ceratopogonidae – Biting Midges, No-see-ums, Punkies 3914.4.8.3 Disease Transmission 3934.4.8.4 Culicidae – Mosquitoes 3944.4.8.5 Disease Transmission 3984.4.8.6 Simuliidae – Blackflies 4014.4.8.7 Phlebotominae – Sandflies 4044.4.8.8 Brachycera 4084.4.8.9 Tabanidae – Horse Flies 4084.4.8.10 Muscidae – House and Stable Flies 4104.4.8.11 Calliphoridae – Blowflies, Screwworms 4134.4.8.12 Oestridae – Bot orWarble Flies 4134.4.8.13 Glossinidae – Tsetse Flies 4154.4.8.14 Hippoboscidae, Nycteribiidae, Streblidae – Louse Flies, Keds and Bat Flies 418Further Reading 419Answers to Test Questions 423Chapter 1 423Chapter 2 426Chapter 3 429Chapter 4 431Index 435