Agata Godula -Jopek holds three Master of Science diplomas in chemical engineering, marketing and management in scientific activities, and foreign trade – all obtained in her native Poland atthe Technical University in Cracow. While working at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow, Department of Electrochemical Oxidation of Gaseous Fuels, shereceived her PhD in the electrochemistry of a binary molten carbonate salts - an electrolyte for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. She completed postdoctoral research with Germany’s MTU CFC Solutions. In 2012 Agata received her habilitation at the Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering at the Lodz University of Technology, Poland, in technical sciences with a focus on chemical engineering.Agata is currently an expert at Airbus Group Innovations at the Department of Energy and Propulsion. She is also employed as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Chemical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gliwice, Poland. She has authored several scientific publications and patents. Recently Agata coauthored a book on "Hydrogen Storage Technologies. New Materials, Transport and Infrastructure."

• Foreword XIIIPreface XVList of Contributors XIX1 Introduction 1Agata Godula-Jopek1.1 Overview on Different Hydrogen Production Means from a Technical Point of View 101.2 Summary Including Hydrogen Production Cost Overview 21References 282 Fundamentals ofWater Electrolysis 33Pierre Millet2.1 Thermodynamics of theWater Splitting Reaction 332.2 Efficiency of ElectrochemicalWater Splitting 462.3 Kinetics of theWater Splitting Reaction 522.4 Conclusions 59Nomenclature 59Greek symbols 60Subscripts or superscripts 60Acronyms 60References 613 PEMWater Electrolysis 63Pierre Millet3.1 Introduction, Historical Background 633.2 Concept of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Cell 653.3 Description of Unit PEM Cells 673.4 Electrochemical Performances of Unit PEM Cells 763.5 Cell Stacking 943.6 Balance of Plant 1003.7 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 1023.8 Limitations, Challenges and Perspectives 1053.9 Conclusions 111Nomenclature 113Greek symbols 113Subscripts or superscripts 114Acronyms 114References 1144 AlkalineWater Electrolysis 117Nicolas Guillet and Pierre Millet4.1 Introduction and Historical Background 1174.2 Description of Unit Electrolysis Cells 1214.3 Electrochemical Performances of AlkalineWater Electrolysers 1374.4 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 1474.5 Conclusions 161Nomenclature 162Greek Symbols 162Subscripts or Superscripts 162Acronyms 163References 1635 Unitized Regenerative Systems 167Pierre Millet5.1 Introduction 1675.2 Underlying Concepts 1685.3 Low-Temperature PEM URFCs 1745.4 High-Temperature URFCs 1825.5 General Conclusion and Perspectives 187Nomenclature 187Greek Symbols 188Subscripts or Superscripts 188Acronyms 188References 1896 High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis 191Jérôme Laurencin and Julie Mougin6.1 Introduction 1916.2 Overview of the Technology 1916.3 Fundamentals of Solid-State Electrochemistry in SOEC 1976.4 Performances and Durability 2446.5 Limitations and Challenges 2536.6 Specific OperationModes 259List of Terms 262Roman symbols 262Greek Symbols 263Abbreviations 264References 2647 Hydrogen Storage Options Including Constraints and Challenges 273Agata Godula-Jopek7.1 Introduction 2737.2 Liquid Hydrogen 2767.3 Compressed Hydrogen 2817.4 Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen 2847.5 Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Including Materials and System-Related Problems 2867.6 Summary 304References 3068 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies 311Cyril Bourasseau and Benjamin Guinot8.1 Introduction 3118.2 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies (RE) 3128.3 Electrolysis Powered by Intermittent Energy: Technical Challenges, Impact on Performances and Reliability 3278.4 Integration Schemes and Examples 3518.5 Techno-Economic Assessment 3628.6 The Role of Simulation for Economic Assessment 3658.7 Conclusion 378References 3799 Outlook and Summary 383Agata Godula-Jopek and Pierre Millet9.1 Comparison ofWater Electrolysis Technologies 3879.2 Technology Development Status and Main Manufacturers 3879.3 Material and System Roadmap Specifications 390References 393Index 395

Agata Godula -Jopek holds three Master of Science diplomas in chemical engineering, marketing and management in scientific activities, and foreign trade – all obtained in her native Poland atthe Technical University in Cracow. While working at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow, Department of Electrochemical Oxidation of Gaseous Fuels, shereceived her PhD in the electrochemistry of a binary molten carbonate salts - an electrolyte for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. She completed postdoctoral research with Germany’s MTU CFC Solutions. In 2012 Agata received her habilitation at the Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering at the Lodz University of Technology, Poland, in technical sciences with a focus on chemical engineering.Agata is currently an expert at Airbus Group Innovations at the Department of Energy and Propulsion. She is also employed as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Chemical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gliwice, Poland. She has authored several scientific publications and patents. Recently Agata coauthored a book on "Hydrogen Storage Technologies. New Materials, Transport and Infrastructure."

• Foreword XIIIPreface XVList of Contributors XIX1 Introduction 1Agata Godula-Jopek1.1 Overview on Different Hydrogen Production Means from a Technical Point of View 101.2 Summary Including Hydrogen Production Cost Overview 21References 282 Fundamentals ofWater Electrolysis 33Pierre Millet2.1 Thermodynamics of theWater Splitting Reaction 332.2 Efficiency of ElectrochemicalWater Splitting 462.3 Kinetics of theWater Splitting Reaction 522.4 Conclusions 59Nomenclature 59Greek symbols 60Subscripts or superscripts 60Acronyms 60References 613 PEMWater Electrolysis 63Pierre Millet3.1 Introduction, Historical Background 633.2 Concept of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Cell 653.3 Description of Unit PEM Cells 673.4 Electrochemical Performances of Unit PEM Cells 763.5 Cell Stacking 943.6 Balance of Plant 1003.7 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 1023.8 Limitations, Challenges and Perspectives 1053.9 Conclusions 111Nomenclature 113Greek symbols 113Subscripts or superscripts 114Acronyms 114References 1144 AlkalineWater Electrolysis 117Nicolas Guillet and Pierre Millet4.1 Introduction and Historical Background 1174.2 Description of Unit Electrolysis Cells 1214.3 Electrochemical Performances of AlkalineWater Electrolysers 1374.4 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 1474.5 Conclusions 161Nomenclature 162Greek Symbols 162Subscripts or Superscripts 162Acronyms 163References 1635 Unitized Regenerative Systems 167Pierre Millet5.1 Introduction 1675.2 Underlying Concepts 1685.3 Low-Temperature PEM URFCs 1745.4 High-Temperature URFCs 1825.5 General Conclusion and Perspectives 187Nomenclature 187Greek Symbols 188Subscripts or Superscripts 188Acronyms 188References 1896 High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis 191Jérôme Laurencin and Julie Mougin6.1 Introduction 1916.2 Overview of the Technology 1916.3 Fundamentals of Solid-State Electrochemistry in SOEC 1976.4 Performances and Durability 2446.5 Limitations and Challenges 2536.6 Specific OperationModes 259List of Terms 262Roman symbols 262Greek Symbols 263Abbreviations 264References 2647 Hydrogen Storage Options Including Constraints and Challenges 273Agata Godula-Jopek7.1 Introduction 2737.2 Liquid Hydrogen 2767.3 Compressed Hydrogen 2817.4 Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen 2847.5 Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Including Materials and System-Related Problems 2867.6 Summary 304References 3068 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies 311Cyril Bourasseau and Benjamin Guinot8.1 Introduction 3118.2 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies (RE) 3128.3 Electrolysis Powered by Intermittent Energy: Technical Challenges, Impact on Performances and Reliability 3278.4 Integration Schemes and Examples 3518.5 Techno-Economic Assessment 3628.6 The Role of Simulation for Economic Assessment 3658.7 Conclusion 378References 3799 Outlook and Summary 383Agata Godula-Jopek and Pierre Millet9.1 Comparison ofWater Electrolysis Technologies 3879.2 Technology Development Status and Main Manufacturers 3879.3 Material and System Roadmap Specifications 390References 393Index 395

Agata Godula -Jopek holds three Master of Science diplomas in chemical engineering, marketing and management in scientific activities, and foreign trade – all obtained in her native Poland atthe Technical University in Cracow. While working at the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Cracow, Department of Electrochemical Oxidation of Gaseous Fuels, shereceived her PhD in the electrochemistry of a binary molten carbonate salts - an electrolyte for Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells. She completed postdoctoral research with Germany’s MTU CFC Solutions. In 2012 Agata received her habilitation at the Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering at the Lodz University of Technology, Poland, in technical sciences with a focus on chemical engineering.Agata is currently an expert at Airbus Group Innovations at the Department of Energy and Propulsion. She is also employed as an Associate Professor at the Institute of Chemical Engineering of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Gliwice, Poland. She has authored several scientific publications and patents. Recently Agata coauthored a book on "Hydrogen Storage Technologies. New Materials, Transport and Infrastructure."

• Foreword XIIIPreface XVList of Contributors XIX1 Introduction 1Agata Godula-Jopek1.1 Overview on Different Hydrogen Production Means from a Technical Point of View 101.2 Summary Including Hydrogen Production Cost Overview 21References 282 Fundamentals ofWater Electrolysis 33Pierre Millet2.1 Thermodynamics of theWater Splitting Reaction 332.2 Efficiency of ElectrochemicalWater Splitting 462.3 Kinetics of theWater Splitting Reaction 522.4 Conclusions 59Nomenclature 59Greek symbols 60Subscripts or superscripts 60Acronyms 60References 613 PEMWater Electrolysis 63Pierre Millet3.1 Introduction, Historical Background 633.2 Concept of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Cell 653.3 Description of Unit PEM Cells 673.4 Electrochemical Performances of Unit PEM Cells 763.5 Cell Stacking 943.6 Balance of Plant 1003.7 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 1023.8 Limitations, Challenges and Perspectives 1053.9 Conclusions 111Nomenclature 113Greek symbols 113Subscripts or superscripts 114Acronyms 114References 1144 AlkalineWater Electrolysis 117Nicolas Guillet and Pierre Millet4.1 Introduction and Historical Background 1174.2 Description of Unit Electrolysis Cells 1214.3 Electrochemical Performances of AlkalineWater Electrolysers 1374.4 Main Suppliers, Commercial Developments and Applications 1474.5 Conclusions 161Nomenclature 162Greek Symbols 162Subscripts or Superscripts 162Acronyms 163References 1635 Unitized Regenerative Systems 167Pierre Millet5.1 Introduction 1675.2 Underlying Concepts 1685.3 Low-Temperature PEM URFCs 1745.4 High-Temperature URFCs 1825.5 General Conclusion and Perspectives 187Nomenclature 187Greek Symbols 188Subscripts or Superscripts 188Acronyms 188References 1896 High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis 191Jérôme Laurencin and Julie Mougin6.1 Introduction 1916.2 Overview of the Technology 1916.3 Fundamentals of Solid-State Electrochemistry in SOEC 1976.4 Performances and Durability 2446.5 Limitations and Challenges 2536.6 Specific OperationModes 259List of Terms 262Roman symbols 262Greek Symbols 263Abbreviations 264References 2647 Hydrogen Storage Options Including Constraints and Challenges 273Agata Godula-Jopek7.1 Introduction 2737.2 Liquid Hydrogen 2767.3 Compressed Hydrogen 2817.4 Cryo-Compressed Hydrogen 2847.5 Solid-State Hydrogen Storage Including Materials and System-Related Problems 2867.6 Summary 304References 3068 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies 311Cyril Bourasseau and Benjamin Guinot8.1 Introduction 3118.2 Hydrogen: A Storage Means for Renewable Energies (RE) 3128.3 Electrolysis Powered by Intermittent Energy: Technical Challenges, Impact on Performances and Reliability 3278.4 Integration Schemes and Examples 3518.5 Techno-Economic Assessment 3628.6 The Role of Simulation for Economic Assessment 3658.7 Conclusion 378References 3799 Outlook and Summary 383Agata Godula-Jopek and Pierre Millet9.1 Comparison ofWater Electrolysis Technologies 3879.2 Technology Development Status and Main Manufacturers 3879.3 Material and System Roadmap Specifications 390References 393Index 395