Claudio Tomasi graduated at the Department of Physics of the University of Bologna, Italy. He worked as researcher at the National Council of Research CNR and became director of research in 1991. After his retirement, he still continues his research activity as Associate Researcher at the Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR. He was P. I. from 2005 to 2009 of the national project QUITSAT supported by the Italian Space Agency to evaluate the air quality parameters on the Po Valley area from polar and geostationary satellite-borne observations integrated with ground-based remote sensing and in situ sampling measurements and with Chemical-Transport-Meteorological model simulations of the PM and gaseous concentrations at the surface. Since 2007, he is leader of the international research project POLAR-AOD, dedicated to study the radiative parameters of polar aerosols and their direct radiative forcing effects. Sandro Fuzzi is Professor of Global Change at the University of Bologna and holds a doctoral degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Bologna, Italy. He is at present Research Director at the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the National Research Council, CNR. His main research interests are the physical and chemical processes involving atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their effects on atmospheric composition change, climate, ecosystems and human health. Is has been a member of several international Committees and Panels including the Science Panel of the European Commission on Atmospheric Composition Change and the Chairmanship of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project of the International Global Geosphere-Biosphere program. He has coordinated several national and international programs in the field of atmospheric composition change. Alexander A. Kokhanovsky graduated from the Physical Department of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus. Alexander Kokhanovsky is a member the SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT algorithm development team at the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen. His research interests are directed towards modeling light propagation and scattering in the terrestrial atmosphere. He has published more than 160 papers in the field of environmental optics, radiative transfer, and light scattering.

• List of Contributors XVPreface XIXForeword XXIAcknowledgments XXIII1 Primary and Secondary Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol 1Claudio Tomasi and Angelo Lupi1.1 Introduction 11.2 A General Classification of Aerosol Sources 61.3 Primary Aerosols of Natural Origin 71.4 Secondary Aerosols of Natural Origin 311.5 Primary Anthropogenic Aerosols 481.6 Secondary Anthropogenic Aerosols 591.7 Concluding Remarks on the Global Annual Emission Fluxes of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Mass 70Abbreviations 75List of Symbols 75References 762 Aerosol Nucleation in the Terrestrial Atmosphere 87Karine Sellegri and Julien Boulon2.1 Introduction 872.2 Theoretical Basis of Nucleation and Growth of New Particles in the Atmosphere 882.3 Observation and Detection Tools 972.4 Precursor Candidates for Nucleation and Early Growth from Observations 1042.5 Parameterizations and Chamber Experiments 1052.6 Importance of Nucleation for the Production of Aerosols and CCN at the Global Scale 1072.7 Conclusions 108Abbreviations 109List of Symbols 110References 1103 Coagulation, Condensation, Dry and Wet Deposition, and Cloud Droplet Formation in the Atmospheric Aerosol Life Cycle 115Claudio Tomasi and Angelo Lupi3.1 Introduction 1153.2 Physical Growth Processes 1203.3 Aerosol Removal Processes 1393.4 Formation of Cloud Particles 1613.5 Concluding Remarks 170Abbreviations 175List of Symbols 175References 1804 Chemical Composition of Aerosols of Different Origin 183Stefania Gilardoni and Sandro Fuzzi4.1 Introduction 1834.2 Global Distribution and Climatology of the Main Aerosol Chemical Constituents 1844.3 Size Distributions of Aerosol Chemical Compounds 1964.4 Issues Related to Aerosol Chemical Composition 205Abbreviations 216List of Symbols 217References 2185 Aerosol Optics 223Alexander A. Kokhanovsky5.1 Introduction 2235.2 Absorption 2245.3 Scattering 2295.4 Polarization 2345.5 Extinction 2375.6 Radiative Transfer 2395.7 Image Transfer 242Abbreviations 244List of Symbols 244References 2456 Aerosol Models 247Claudio Tomasi, Mauro Mazzola, Christian Lanconelli, and Angelo Lupi6.1 Introduction 2476.2 Modeling of the Optical and Microphysical Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosol 2496.3 General Remarks on the Aerosol Particle Number, Surface, and Volume Size-Distribution Functions 3066.4 Size-Distribution Characteristics of Various Aerosol Types 3176.5 Concluding Remarks 332Abbreviations 333List of Symbols 334References 3377 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosol 341Alexander A. Kokhanovsky, Claudio Tomasi, Boyan H. Petkov, Christian Lanconelli, Maurizio Busetto, Mauro Mazzola, Angelo Lupi, and Kwon H. Lee7.1 Introduction 3417.2 Ground-Based Aerosol Remote Sensing Measurements 3427.3 Airborne Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties 3807.4 Satellite-Borne Aerosol Remote Sensing Measurements 403Abbreviations 422List of Symbols 423References 4278 Aerosol and Climate Change: Direct and Indirect Aerosol Effects on Climate 437Claudio Tomasi, Christian Lanconelli, Mauro Mazzola, and Angelo Lupi 8.1 Introduction 4378.2 The Instantaneous DARF Effects at the ToA and BoA Levels and in the Atmosphere 4398.3 The Diurnally Average DARF Induced by Various Aerosol Types over Ocean and Land Surfaces 4768.4 Variations of DARF Efficiency as a Function of Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo 5258.5 Concluding Remarks on the DARF Effects over the Global Scale 5298.6 On the Indirect Aerosol Effects Acting in the Earth’s Climate System 531Abbreviations 537List of Symbols 538References 5419 Aerosol and Air Quality 553Sandro Fuzzi, Stefania Gilardoni, Alexander A. Kokhanovsky,Walter Di Nicolantonio, Sonoyo Mukai, Itaru Sano, Makiko Nakata, Claudio Tomasi, and Christian Lanconelli9.1 Introduction 5539.2 Aerosol Load as Derived from Satellite-Based Measurements 5609.3 Characterization of Mass Concentration and Optical Properties of Desert Dust in Different Areas of the Earth 577Abbreviations 589List of Symbols 590References 59110 Impact of the Airborne Particulate Matter on the Human Health 597Marina Camatini, Maurizio Gualtieri, and Giulio Sancini10.1 Introduction 59710.2 Epidemiological Evidences 60010.3 Toxicological Evidences 60910.4 Mechanism of Effects 63010.5 Conclusions 637Abbreviations 638List of Symbols 639References 63911 Aerosol Impact on Cultural Heritage: Deterioration Processes and Strategies for Preventive Conservation 645Alessandra Bonazza, Paola De Nuntiis, Paolo Mandrioli, and Cristina Sabbioni11.1 Introduction 64511.2 Monitoring for Cultural Heritage Conservation 64511.3 Damage and Black Crusts Formation on Building Materials 65211.4 Bioaerosol Effects on Cultural Heritage 65911.5 Guidelines for the Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Urban Areas 664Abbreviations 665List of Symbols 665References 666Index 671

Claudio Tomasi graduated at the Department of Physics of the University of Bologna, Italy. He worked as researcher at the National Council of Research CNR and became director of research in 1991. After his retirement, he still continues his research activity as Associate Researcher at the Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR. He was P. I. from 2005 to 2009 of the national project QUITSAT supported by the Italian Space Agency to evaluate the air quality parameters on the Po Valley area from polar and geostationary satellite-borne observations integrated with ground-based remote sensing and in situ sampling measurements and with Chemical-Transport-Meteorological model simulations of the PM and gaseous concentrations at the surface. Since 2007, he is leader of the international research project POLAR-AOD, dedicated to study the radiative parameters of polar aerosols and their direct radiative forcing effects. Sandro Fuzzi is Professor of Global Change at the University of Bologna and holds a doctoral degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Bologna, Italy. He is at present Research Director at the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the National Research Council, CNR. His main research interests are the physical and chemical processes involving atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their effects on atmospheric composition change, climate, ecosystems and human health. Is has been a member of several international Committees and Panels including the Science Panel of the European Commission on Atmospheric Composition Change and the Chairmanship of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project of the International Global Geosphere-Biosphere program. He has coordinated several national and international programs in the field of atmospheric composition change. Alexander A. Kokhanovsky graduated from the Physical Department of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus. Alexander Kokhanovsky is a member the SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT algorithm development team at the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen. His research interests are directed towards modeling light propagation and scattering in the terrestrial atmosphere. He has published more than 160 papers in the field of environmental optics, radiative transfer, and light scattering.

• List of Contributors XVPreface XIXForeword XXIAcknowledgments XXIII1 Primary and Secondary Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol 1Claudio Tomasi and Angelo Lupi1.1 Introduction 11.2 A General Classification of Aerosol Sources 61.3 Primary Aerosols of Natural Origin 71.4 Secondary Aerosols of Natural Origin 311.5 Primary Anthropogenic Aerosols 481.6 Secondary Anthropogenic Aerosols 591.7 Concluding Remarks on the Global Annual Emission Fluxes of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Mass 70Abbreviations 75List of Symbols 75References 762 Aerosol Nucleation in the Terrestrial Atmosphere 87Karine Sellegri and Julien Boulon2.1 Introduction 872.2 Theoretical Basis of Nucleation and Growth of New Particles in the Atmosphere 882.3 Observation and Detection Tools 972.4 Precursor Candidates for Nucleation and Early Growth from Observations 1042.5 Parameterizations and Chamber Experiments 1052.6 Importance of Nucleation for the Production of Aerosols and CCN at the Global Scale 1072.7 Conclusions 108Abbreviations 109List of Symbols 110References 1103 Coagulation, Condensation, Dry and Wet Deposition, and Cloud Droplet Formation in the Atmospheric Aerosol Life Cycle 115Claudio Tomasi and Angelo Lupi3.1 Introduction 1153.2 Physical Growth Processes 1203.3 Aerosol Removal Processes 1393.4 Formation of Cloud Particles 1613.5 Concluding Remarks 170Abbreviations 175List of Symbols 175References 1804 Chemical Composition of Aerosols of Different Origin 183Stefania Gilardoni and Sandro Fuzzi4.1 Introduction 1834.2 Global Distribution and Climatology of the Main Aerosol Chemical Constituents 1844.3 Size Distributions of Aerosol Chemical Compounds 1964.4 Issues Related to Aerosol Chemical Composition 205Abbreviations 216List of Symbols 217References 2185 Aerosol Optics 223Alexander A. Kokhanovsky5.1 Introduction 2235.2 Absorption 2245.3 Scattering 2295.4 Polarization 2345.5 Extinction 2375.6 Radiative Transfer 2395.7 Image Transfer 242Abbreviations 244List of Symbols 244References 2456 Aerosol Models 247Claudio Tomasi, Mauro Mazzola, Christian Lanconelli, and Angelo Lupi6.1 Introduction 2476.2 Modeling of the Optical and Microphysical Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosol 2496.3 General Remarks on the Aerosol Particle Number, Surface, and Volume Size-Distribution Functions 3066.4 Size-Distribution Characteristics of Various Aerosol Types 3176.5 Concluding Remarks 332Abbreviations 333List of Symbols 334References 3377 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosol 341Alexander A. Kokhanovsky, Claudio Tomasi, Boyan H. Petkov, Christian Lanconelli, Maurizio Busetto, Mauro Mazzola, Angelo Lupi, and Kwon H. Lee7.1 Introduction 3417.2 Ground-Based Aerosol Remote Sensing Measurements 3427.3 Airborne Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties 3807.4 Satellite-Borne Aerosol Remote Sensing Measurements 403Abbreviations 422List of Symbols 423References 4278 Aerosol and Climate Change: Direct and Indirect Aerosol Effects on Climate 437Claudio Tomasi, Christian Lanconelli, Mauro Mazzola, and Angelo Lupi 8.1 Introduction 4378.2 The Instantaneous DARF Effects at the ToA and BoA Levels and in the Atmosphere 4398.3 The Diurnally Average DARF Induced by Various Aerosol Types over Ocean and Land Surfaces 4768.4 Variations of DARF Efficiency as a Function of Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo 5258.5 Concluding Remarks on the DARF Effects over the Global Scale 5298.6 On the Indirect Aerosol Effects Acting in the Earth’s Climate System 531Abbreviations 537List of Symbols 538References 5419 Aerosol and Air Quality 553Sandro Fuzzi, Stefania Gilardoni, Alexander A. Kokhanovsky,Walter Di Nicolantonio, Sonoyo Mukai, Itaru Sano, Makiko Nakata, Claudio Tomasi, and Christian Lanconelli9.1 Introduction 5539.2 Aerosol Load as Derived from Satellite-Based Measurements 5609.3 Characterization of Mass Concentration and Optical Properties of Desert Dust in Different Areas of the Earth 577Abbreviations 589List of Symbols 590References 59110 Impact of the Airborne Particulate Matter on the Human Health 597Marina Camatini, Maurizio Gualtieri, and Giulio Sancini10.1 Introduction 59710.2 Epidemiological Evidences 60010.3 Toxicological Evidences 60910.4 Mechanism of Effects 63010.5 Conclusions 637Abbreviations 638List of Symbols 639References 63911 Aerosol Impact on Cultural Heritage: Deterioration Processes and Strategies for Preventive Conservation 645Alessandra Bonazza, Paola De Nuntiis, Paolo Mandrioli, and Cristina Sabbioni11.1 Introduction 64511.2 Monitoring for Cultural Heritage Conservation 64511.3 Damage and Black Crusts Formation on Building Materials 65211.4 Bioaerosol Effects on Cultural Heritage 65911.5 Guidelines for the Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Urban Areas 664Abbreviations 665List of Symbols 665References 666Index 671

Claudio Tomasi graduated at the Department of Physics of the University of Bologna, Italy. He worked as researcher at the National Council of Research CNR and became director of research in 1991. After his retirement, he still continues his research activity as Associate Researcher at the Institute for Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, ISAC-CNR. He was P. I. from 2005 to 2009 of the national project QUITSAT supported by the Italian Space Agency to evaluate the air quality parameters on the Po Valley area from polar and geostationary satellite-borne observations integrated with ground-based remote sensing and in situ sampling measurements and with Chemical-Transport-Meteorological model simulations of the PM and gaseous concentrations at the surface. Since 2007, he is leader of the international research project POLAR-AOD, dedicated to study the radiative parameters of polar aerosols and their direct radiative forcing effects. Sandro Fuzzi is Professor of Global Change at the University of Bologna and holds a doctoral degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Bologna, Italy. He is at present Research Director at the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of the National Research Council, CNR. His main research interests are the physical and chemical processes involving atmospheric aerosols and clouds and their effects on atmospheric composition change, climate, ecosystems and human health. Is has been a member of several international Committees and Panels including the Science Panel of the European Commission on Atmospheric Composition Change and the Chairmanship of the International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Project of the International Global Geosphere-Biosphere program. He has coordinated several national and international programs in the field of atmospheric composition change. Alexander A. Kokhanovsky graduated from the Physical Department of the Belarusian State University, Minsk, Belarus. Alexander Kokhanovsky is a member the SCIAMACHY/ENVISAT algorithm development team at the Institute of Environmental Physics at the University of Bremen. His research interests are directed towards modeling light propagation and scattering in the terrestrial atmosphere. He has published more than 160 papers in the field of environmental optics, radiative transfer, and light scattering.

• List of Contributors XVPreface XIXForeword XXIAcknowledgments XXIII1 Primary and Secondary Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol 1Claudio Tomasi and Angelo Lupi1.1 Introduction 11.2 A General Classification of Aerosol Sources 61.3 Primary Aerosols of Natural Origin 71.4 Secondary Aerosols of Natural Origin 311.5 Primary Anthropogenic Aerosols 481.6 Secondary Anthropogenic Aerosols 591.7 Concluding Remarks on the Global Annual Emission Fluxes of Natural and Anthropogenic Aerosol Mass 70Abbreviations 75List of Symbols 75References 762 Aerosol Nucleation in the Terrestrial Atmosphere 87Karine Sellegri and Julien Boulon2.1 Introduction 872.2 Theoretical Basis of Nucleation and Growth of New Particles in the Atmosphere 882.3 Observation and Detection Tools 972.4 Precursor Candidates for Nucleation and Early Growth from Observations 1042.5 Parameterizations and Chamber Experiments 1052.6 Importance of Nucleation for the Production of Aerosols and CCN at the Global Scale 1072.7 Conclusions 108Abbreviations 109List of Symbols 110References 1103 Coagulation, Condensation, Dry and Wet Deposition, and Cloud Droplet Formation in the Atmospheric Aerosol Life Cycle 115Claudio Tomasi and Angelo Lupi3.1 Introduction 1153.2 Physical Growth Processes 1203.3 Aerosol Removal Processes 1393.4 Formation of Cloud Particles 1613.5 Concluding Remarks 170Abbreviations 175List of Symbols 175References 1804 Chemical Composition of Aerosols of Different Origin 183Stefania Gilardoni and Sandro Fuzzi4.1 Introduction 1834.2 Global Distribution and Climatology of the Main Aerosol Chemical Constituents 1844.3 Size Distributions of Aerosol Chemical Compounds 1964.4 Issues Related to Aerosol Chemical Composition 205Abbreviations 216List of Symbols 217References 2185 Aerosol Optics 223Alexander A. Kokhanovsky5.1 Introduction 2235.2 Absorption 2245.3 Scattering 2295.4 Polarization 2345.5 Extinction 2375.6 Radiative Transfer 2395.7 Image Transfer 242Abbreviations 244List of Symbols 244References 2456 Aerosol Models 247Claudio Tomasi, Mauro Mazzola, Christian Lanconelli, and Angelo Lupi6.1 Introduction 2476.2 Modeling of the Optical and Microphysical Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosol 2496.3 General Remarks on the Aerosol Particle Number, Surface, and Volume Size-Distribution Functions 3066.4 Size-Distribution Characteristics of Various Aerosol Types 3176.5 Concluding Remarks 332Abbreviations 333List of Symbols 334References 3377 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosol 341Alexander A. Kokhanovsky, Claudio Tomasi, Boyan H. Petkov, Christian Lanconelli, Maurizio Busetto, Mauro Mazzola, Angelo Lupi, and Kwon H. Lee7.1 Introduction 3417.2 Ground-Based Aerosol Remote Sensing Measurements 3427.3 Airborne Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosol Optical Properties 3807.4 Satellite-Borne Aerosol Remote Sensing Measurements 403Abbreviations 422List of Symbols 423References 4278 Aerosol and Climate Change: Direct and Indirect Aerosol Effects on Climate 437Claudio Tomasi, Christian Lanconelli, Mauro Mazzola, and Angelo Lupi 8.1 Introduction 4378.2 The Instantaneous DARF Effects at the ToA and BoA Levels and in the Atmosphere 4398.3 The Diurnally Average DARF Induced by Various Aerosol Types over Ocean and Land Surfaces 4768.4 Variations of DARF Efficiency as a Function of Aerosol Single Scattering Albedo 5258.5 Concluding Remarks on the DARF Effects over the Global Scale 5298.6 On the Indirect Aerosol Effects Acting in the Earth’s Climate System 531Abbreviations 537List of Symbols 538References 5419 Aerosol and Air Quality 553Sandro Fuzzi, Stefania Gilardoni, Alexander A. Kokhanovsky,Walter Di Nicolantonio, Sonoyo Mukai, Itaru Sano, Makiko Nakata, Claudio Tomasi, and Christian Lanconelli9.1 Introduction 5539.2 Aerosol Load as Derived from Satellite-Based Measurements 5609.3 Characterization of Mass Concentration and Optical Properties of Desert Dust in Different Areas of the Earth 577Abbreviations 589List of Symbols 590References 59110 Impact of the Airborne Particulate Matter on the Human Health 597Marina Camatini, Maurizio Gualtieri, and Giulio Sancini10.1 Introduction 59710.2 Epidemiological Evidences 60010.3 Toxicological Evidences 60910.4 Mechanism of Effects 63010.5 Conclusions 637Abbreviations 638List of Symbols 639References 63911 Aerosol Impact on Cultural Heritage: Deterioration Processes and Strategies for Preventive Conservation 645Alessandra Bonazza, Paola De Nuntiis, Paolo Mandrioli, and Cristina Sabbioni11.1 Introduction 64511.2 Monitoring for Cultural Heritage Conservation 64511.3 Damage and Black Crusts Formation on Building Materials 65211.4 Bioaerosol Effects on Cultural Heritage 65911.5 Guidelines for the Preventive Conservation of Cultural Heritage in Urban Areas 664Abbreviations 665List of Symbols 665References 666Index 671