Nanocarbons for Advanced Energy Storage

Xinliang Feng is a full professor at the Technische Universität Dresden since 2014 and adjunct distinguished professor at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University since 2011 as well as Director for the Institute of Advanced Organic Materials. His current scientific interests include the graphene, two-dimensional nanomaterials, organic conjugated materials, and carbon-rich molecules and materials for electronic and energy-related applications.

• List of Contributors XIPreface XV1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Advanced Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 1Jintao Zhang, Sheng Zhang, Quanbin Dai, Qiuhong Zhang, and Liming Dai1.1 Introduction 11.2 Experimental Evaluation of Electrocatalytic Activity toward ORR 21.3 Doped Carbon Nanotubes for ORR 41.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Nitrogen 41.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Heteroatoms Other Than Nitrogen 81.4 Conclusions 13Acknowledgments 14References 142 Doped Graphene as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 17Dongsheng Geng and Xueliang Sun2.1 Introduction 172.2 Active Sites and Mechanisms of ORR on Doped Graphene 182.2.1 ORR Mechanism on Doped Graphene 182.2.2 The Active Site of DopedGraphene forORR 202.3 Synthesis and Performance of Doped Graphene 222.3.1 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 232.3.2 Synthesis and Performance of Other Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 302.3.2.1 B-Doped Graphene 302.3.2.2 S-Doped Graphene 312.3.2.3 P and Other Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 332.4 Conclusions and Perspective 35References 373 Heteroatom-Doped Nanoporous Carbon for Electrocatalysis 43Sheng Chen, Jian Liu, and Shi-Zhang Qiao3.1 Introduction 433.2 Synthesis of Doped Nanoporous Carbons 453.2.1 Synthesis of Heteroatom-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 453.2.1.1 Self-Assembling of Heteroatom-Rich Carbon Precursors through a Soft-Templating Method 453.2.1.2 Posttreatment of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Framework with Heteroatom-Rich Chemicals 473.2.1.3 Hard-Templating Method with One-Step Doping Using Heteroatom-Rich Carbon Precursors 493.2.2 Synthesis of Doped Porous Graphene 513.2.2.1 Vapor-Assisted Method 513.2.2.2 Liquid-Phase Method 533.3 Heteroatom-Doped Nanoporous Carbons for Electrocatalysis 553.3.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 553.3.2 Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for ORR 573.3.3 Doped Graphene for ORR 613.3.3.1 Single Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 613.3.3.2 Dual-Doped Graphene 623.3.3.3 Doped Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 633.3.4 Other Electrochemical Systems 673.4 Summary and Perspectives 69References 704 Nanocarbon-Based Nonprecious-Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Various Electrolytes 75Qing Li and GangWu4.1 Introduction 754.2 Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media 774.2.1 Heat-Treated Macrocyclic Compounds 784.2.2 Heat-Treated Nonmacrocyclic Catalysts 784.2.2.1 Nitrogen Precursors 794.2.2.2 Type of Transition Metals 834.2.2.3 Effect of Supports 874.2.2.4 Heating Temperatures 894.2.3 Importance of in situ Formed Graphitic Nanocarbons 924.3 Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media 944.3.1 Metal-Free Carbon Catalysts 954.3.1.1 Nitrogen-Doped Carbon 964.3.1.2 Boron and Sulfur Doping 984.3.1.3 Binary and Ternary Dopants 994.3.2 Heat-Treated M-N-C (M: Fe, Co) Catalysts 1004.3.3 Nanocarbon/Transition Metal Compound Hybrids 1034.4 Oxygen Reduction in Nonaqueous Li-O2 Batteries 1054.5 Summary and Perspective 110Acknowledgments 111References 1115 Spectroscopic Analysis of Nanocarbon-Based non-precious Metal Catalyst for ORR 117Ulrike I. Kramm5.1 Introduction 1175.2 Raman Spectroscopy 1195.2.1 Theory 1195.2.2 Characterization of Me–N–C Catalysts by Raman Spectroscopy 1205.3 X-Band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy 1225.3.1 Theory 1225.3.2 Examples of EPR Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Me–N–C 1245.4 X-ray-Induced Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 1255.4.1 Theory 1255.4.2 Example of Postmortem Analysis ofMe–N–C Catalysts by XPS 1275.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy (MBS) 1295.5.1 Theory 1295.5.2 Effect of Iron Carbide Formation on the Concentration of Active Sites 1325.5.3 Influence of the Electronic Structure: Correlation of Isomer Shift and TOF 1335.6 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XANES/EXAFS) of Metal Edges 1345.6.1 Theory 1345.6.2 Influence of Preparation Parameters on the Next Neighbors (EXAFS) 1355.6.3 Influence of the Pyrolysis Temperature on the Structure (XANES) 1365.6.4 Correlation between XANES and Mössbauer Results 1375.7 Possibilities to Do in situ Measurements (Coupled with an Electrochemical Cell/FC) 1385.7.1 In situ XANES Spectroelectrochemistry on PANI–Fe–C Catalysts 1385.8 Outlook 140References 1406 Graphene as a Support for ORR Electrocatalysts 149Ermete Antolini6.1 Introduction 1496.2 Synthesis and Structural Characteristics of GNS-Supported Catalyst Nanoparticles (Me/GNS, Me = Mono or Bimetallic Catalysts) 1506.3 Electrochemical Properties of Me Catalysts Supported on GNS-, Modified GNS-, and Hybrid GNS-Containing Materials 1526.3.1 Electrocatalytic Activity of Me/GNS for Oxygen Reduction 1546.3.2 Me Supported on Modified GNS 1546.3.2.1 Functionalized Graphene byThermal Exfoliation 1546.3.2.2 Sulfonated Graphene 1586.3.2.3 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 1586.3.2.4 Noncovalent Functionalized Graphene: PDDA-GNS, CTAB-GNS, and gds-DNA/rGO 1626.3.3 Me Supported on Hybrid GNS-CB, GNS-CNT, and GNS-MeO2 Materials 1656.3.3.1 Me Supported on Hybrid GNS-CB 1656.3.3.2 Me Supported on Hybrid GNS-CNT 1676.3.3.3 Me Supported on GNS-MeO2 Materials 1686.4 Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Nanostructured Me Catalysts Supported on GNS 1706.5 Conclusions 171References 1727 Nanocarbons and Their Hybrids as Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries 177Hadis Zarrin and Zhongwei Chen7.1 Introduction 1777.2 Nanocarbons 1797.2.1 1D Carbon Nanomaterial 1807.2.2 2D Carbon Nanomaterial 1807.3 Nanocarbonaceous Electrocatalysts for Metal-Air Batteries 1817.3.1 Metal-Free Nanocarbon Catalysts 1817.3.2 Noble Metal-Nanocarbon Catalysts 1877.3.3 Metal Oxide-Nanocarbon Catalysts 1917.3.3.1 Mono-Metal Oxides 1917.3.3.2 Mixed Metal Oxides 1997.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 207Acknowledgments 208References 2088 Nanocarbon-Based Hybrids as Cathode Electrocatalysts for Microbial Fuel Cells 215ZhenhaiWen, Suqin Ci, and Junhong Chen8.1 Introduction to MFCs and MFC Cathodes 2158.2 Nanocarbon-Supported Platinum Cathode Catalysts 2178.3 Nanocarbon-Supported Precious-Metal-Free Cathode Catalysts 2188.3.1 Transition Metal Macrocycles 2188.3.2 Metal Oxide 2218.3.3 Metal-Free Nanocarbon-Based Catalysts 2228.3.4 Transition Metal-Containing Nanocarbon-Based Catalysts 2258.4 Conclusions and Outlook 229References 2299 Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Silicon-Based Solar Cells 233Xiao Li,Miao Zhu, Dan Xie, KunlinWang, Anyuan Cao, JinquanWei, DehaiWu, and Hongwei Zhu9.1 Introduction 2339.2 Carbon/Semiconductor Schottky Junction 2349.3 Nanocarbon/Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cells 2359.3.1 Theoretical Model 2359.3.2 Chemical Doping 2379.3.3 Antireflection Optimization 2419.3.4 Hybrid Heterojunction and Photoelectrochemistry Solar Cells 2429.3.5 Photodetectors 2449.4 Summary 245References 24610 Graphene as Transparent Electrodes for Solar Cells 249Khaled Parvez, Rongjin Li, and KlausMüllen10.1 Introduction 24910.2 Production of Graphene 25010.2.1 Micromechanical Cleavage 25110.2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation 25110.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition 25210.2.4 Graphene from Graphite Oxide 25310.3 Optoelectronic Properties of Graphene 25410.4 Transparent Conductive Films from Graphene 25710.5 Organic Solar Cells 26210.6 Hybrid Solar Cells 26810.7 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 26810.8 Summary and Future Perspectives 274References 27511 Nanostructured Carbon Nitrides for PhotocatalyticWater Splitting 281Yun Zheng, Lihua Lin, and XinchenWang11.1 Introduction 28111.2 PhotocatalyticWater Splitting 28211.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitride for PhotocatalyticWater Splitting 28411.4 Nanostructure Design of Graphitic Carbon Nitride 28611.4.1 Template-Assisted Method 28611.4.1.1 Hard-Template Method 28611.4.1.2 Soft-Template Method 28911.4.2 Sulfur-Mediated Synthesis 29011.4.3 Solvothermal Technology 29211.4.4 Top-Down Strategy 29211.4.5 Combined Methods 29311.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 294Acknowledgments 296References 296Index 301