Dr. Ming Liu is Professor at the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, and Director of the laboratory for Integrated Multiferroic Materials and Devices at Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. He obtained his PhD from Northeastern University, USA in 2010. His research is focused on integrated multiferroics and device applications. He has contributed more than 130 scientific publications. One of the first-authored paper was selected as "the 10 most outstanding full papers in the past ten years 7(2001~2010) in Advanced Functional Materials". Dr. Ziyao Zhou is Professor at the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, and Director of the laboratory for Integrated Multiferroic Materials and Devices at 'an Jiaotong University, China. He received his PhD from Electrical and Computer Engineering department at Northeastern University, USA. His research has been on integrated nanostructures and multiferroics for energy-efficient electronics and spintronics. He has contributed to a number of publications and related patents and patent disclosures.

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• Preface ix1 Introduction to Multiferroics and Its Application 1Qu Yang, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu1.1 Concept of Multiferroics and the Existing Magnetization Manipulation Methods for Practical Applications 11.2 Typical Multiferroic Heterostructures and Their Characteristics 2References 22 Multiferroic Materials 5Wanjun Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu2.1 Introduction 52.2 Single-Phase Multiferroics 72.3 Bulk Composites 122.3.1 Ceramic Composites 132.3.2 Magnetic Alloy-Based Composites 152.3.3 Polymer-Based Composites 162.3.4 Converse ME Effect in Bulk Composites 182.4 Composite Thin Films 192.4.1 1-3 Type Columnar Composite Thin Films 202.4.2 0-3 Type Particle Composite Thin Films 222.4.3 2-2 Type Laminated Composite Thin Films 232.4.4 Quasi 2-2 Type Composite Thin Films 272.4.5 Organic Composite Thin Films 292.5 Two-Dimensional Multiferroics 32References 363 Mechanisms of Multiferroic Material 51Yuxin Cheng, Weixiao Hou, Mingmin Zhu, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming LiuSummary 513.1 Strain/Stress-Induced ME Coupling 513.2 EM-Spin-Wave Coupling 553.3 Interfacial Charge-Induced ME Coupling 653.4 BFO System 703.5 Spiral Spin Order Control RMnO3 943.6 Other Novel Interfacial ME Coupling Effects 100References 1094 Multiferroic Simulations 121Yue-Wen Fang, Wen-Yi Tong, and Chun-Gang Duan4.1 First-Principles Calculation 1214.1.1 Origins of Ferroelectricity in Type-I Multiferroics 1224.1.2 Conventional Ferroelectricity 1234.1.3 ns2 Lone-Pair Stereochemical Activity 1234.1.4 Geometric Ferroelectricity 1244.1.5 Electronic Ferroelectricity 1254.2 Spin-Driven Ferroelectricity in Type-II Multiferroic Materials 1264.2.1 Ferroelectricity Induced by Noncollinear Magnetism 1264.2.2 Ferroelectricity Induced by Collinear Magnetism 1294.3 Prediction of Novel Multiferroics 1304.3.1 Strain Engineering 1304.3.2 Systems Based on Ordered Perovskite Cells 1324.4 Phase-Field Simulation 1344.4.1 Simulation of Ferroelectric Switching Properties 1344.4.2 Ferroelectric Switching in BiFeO3 1354.4.3 Ferroelectric Switching in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 Superlattice 1374.5 Simulation of Coupled Ferroic Domains 1394.5.1 Phase-Field Simulation in Magnetoelectric Composites 1404.5.2 Phase-Field Simulation in Single-Phase Multiferroics 1424.6 Theoretical Models of Magnetoelectric Coupling in Multiferroic Heterostructures 1434.6.1 Interface Magnetoelectric Effect 1444.6.2 Spin-Dependent Screening-Induced Magnetoelectric Effect 146References 1515 Multiferroic RF/Microwave Devices 157Wanjun Peng, Brandon Howe, and Xi Yang5.1 Voltage Control of FMR 1575.1.1 Voltage Control of FMR via Strain/Stress 1585.1.1.1 Strain/Stress Modulation for Materials with In-Plane Easy Axis 1585.1.1.2 Strain/Stress Modulation for Materials with Out-of-Plane Easy Axis 1595.1.2 Voltage Control of FMR via the Combined Effects of Strain/Stress and Other Mechanisms 1605.1.2.1 Strain and Charge Co-Mediated FMR 1605.1.2.2 Strain and Surface Spin Torque Co-Mediated FMR 1605.2 Voltage Control of FMR via Ionic Liquid Gating 1615.3 RF/Microwave Devices in General 1635.4 State-of-the-Art Tunable RF/Microwave Devices 1645.4.1 Magnetic and Magnetoelectric Inductors 1645.4.2 Bandpass Filters and Bandstop Filters/Attenuators 1645.4.3 Phase Shifters and Delay Lines 1675.4.4 Multiferroic/Magnetoelectric Antennas 1685.5 Multiferroic RF/Microwave Devices in Future 168References 1696 Toward Multiferroic Memories 175Zhongqiang Hu, Qu Yang, Xinger Zhao, and Gail J. Brown6.1 Introduction 1756.2 Voltage Control of Magnetism 1766.2.1 Voltage Control of Magnetoresistance 1776.2.2 Voltage Control of Exchange Bias 1776.2.3 Voltage Control of Domain Dynamics 1846.2.4 Toward Nonvolatile Control of Magnetism 1886.3 Magnetic Memories in General 1896.4 State-of-the-Art Multiferroic Memories 1916.5 Multiferroic Memories in Future 196References 1977 Multiferroic Sensors 203Zhiguang Wang, Menghui Li, Tianxiang Nan, and Nianxiang Sun7.1 Introduction 2037.2 ME Coupling 2037.3 Magnetic Sensors in General 2047.4 State-of-the-Art Multiferroic Sensors 2057.4.1 Highly Sensitive Bulk ME Sensor 2067.4.2 Miniature Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) Sensor Based on Nanoplate Resonator 2077.4.3 A Novel Flexible Sensor Based on AMR Effect 208References 2098 Integrated Multiferroic Inductors – Toward Reconfiguration 211Yuan Gao, Tian Wang, Zhongqiang Hu, and Bin Peng8.1 Introduction 2118.2 Magnetic Inductors 2118.2.1 Inductor Structures 2118.2.2 Magnetic Materials 2138.3 Tunable Multiferroic Inductors 2178.3.1 Tunability for RFIC and MMIC 2178.3.1.1 Ferroelectric Varactors 2178.3.1.2 RF MEMS 2198.3.1.3 FET Switches 2208.3.1.4 Tunable Multiferroics 2218.3.2 Tunability for Inductors 2228.4 Recent Progress of Magnetic Inductors and Voltage Tunable Inductors 226References 2309 Multiferroics in Future 237Qu Yang, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu9.1 Novel Multiferroic Devices and Applications 2379.1.1 Magnetoelectric Recording 2379.1.2 Magnetoelectric Random Access Memories 2389.1.3 Electrically Tunable Microwave Devices 2389.2 Novel Multiferroic Composites 2399.2.1 Exchange Bias 2399.2.2 Spin Wave 239References 239Index 243

Dr. Ming Liu is Professor at the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, and Director of the laboratory for Integrated Multiferroic Materials and Devices at Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. He obtained his PhD from Northeastern University, USA in 2010. His research is focused on integrated multiferroics and device applications. He has contributed more than 130 scientific publications. One of the first-authored paper was selected as "the 10 most outstanding full papers in the past ten years 7(2001~2010) in Advanced Functional Materials". Dr. Ziyao Zhou is Professor at the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, and Director of the laboratory for Integrated Multiferroic Materials and Devices at 'an Jiaotong University, China. He received his PhD from Electrical and Computer Engineering department at Northeastern University, USA. His research has been on integrated nanostructures and multiferroics for energy-efficient electronics and spintronics. He has contributed to a number of publications and related patents and patent disclosures.

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• Preface ix1 Introduction to Multiferroics and Its Application 1Qu Yang, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu1.1 Concept of Multiferroics and the Existing Magnetization Manipulation Methods for Practical Applications 11.2 Typical Multiferroic Heterostructures and Their Characteristics 2References 22 Multiferroic Materials 5Wanjun Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu2.1 Introduction 52.2 Single-Phase Multiferroics 72.3 Bulk Composites 122.3.1 Ceramic Composites 132.3.2 Magnetic Alloy-Based Composites 152.3.3 Polymer-Based Composites 162.3.4 Converse ME Effect in Bulk Composites 182.4 Composite Thin Films 192.4.1 1-3 Type Columnar Composite Thin Films 202.4.2 0-3 Type Particle Composite Thin Films 222.4.3 2-2 Type Laminated Composite Thin Films 232.4.4 Quasi 2-2 Type Composite Thin Films 272.4.5 Organic Composite Thin Films 292.5 Two-Dimensional Multiferroics 32References 363 Mechanisms of Multiferroic Material 51Yuxin Cheng, Weixiao Hou, Mingmin Zhu, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming LiuSummary 513.1 Strain/Stress-Induced ME Coupling 513.2 EM-Spin-Wave Coupling 553.3 Interfacial Charge-Induced ME Coupling 653.4 BFO System 703.5 Spiral Spin Order Control RMnO3 943.6 Other Novel Interfacial ME Coupling Effects 100References 1094 Multiferroic Simulations 121Yue-Wen Fang, Wen-Yi Tong, and Chun-Gang Duan4.1 First-Principles Calculation 1214.1.1 Origins of Ferroelectricity in Type-I Multiferroics 1224.1.2 Conventional Ferroelectricity 1234.1.3 ns2 Lone-Pair Stereochemical Activity 1234.1.4 Geometric Ferroelectricity 1244.1.5 Electronic Ferroelectricity 1254.2 Spin-Driven Ferroelectricity in Type-II Multiferroic Materials 1264.2.1 Ferroelectricity Induced by Noncollinear Magnetism 1264.2.2 Ferroelectricity Induced by Collinear Magnetism 1294.3 Prediction of Novel Multiferroics 1304.3.1 Strain Engineering 1304.3.2 Systems Based on Ordered Perovskite Cells 1324.4 Phase-Field Simulation 1344.4.1 Simulation of Ferroelectric Switching Properties 1344.4.2 Ferroelectric Switching in BiFeO3 1354.4.3 Ferroelectric Switching in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 Superlattice 1374.5 Simulation of Coupled Ferroic Domains 1394.5.1 Phase-Field Simulation in Magnetoelectric Composites 1404.5.2 Phase-Field Simulation in Single-Phase Multiferroics 1424.6 Theoretical Models of Magnetoelectric Coupling in Multiferroic Heterostructures 1434.6.1 Interface Magnetoelectric Effect 1444.6.2 Spin-Dependent Screening-Induced Magnetoelectric Effect 146References 1515 Multiferroic RF/Microwave Devices 157Wanjun Peng, Brandon Howe, and Xi Yang5.1 Voltage Control of FMR 1575.1.1 Voltage Control of FMR via Strain/Stress 1585.1.1.1 Strain/Stress Modulation for Materials with In-Plane Easy Axis 1585.1.1.2 Strain/Stress Modulation for Materials with Out-of-Plane Easy Axis 1595.1.2 Voltage Control of FMR via the Combined Effects of Strain/Stress and Other Mechanisms 1605.1.2.1 Strain and Charge Co-Mediated FMR 1605.1.2.2 Strain and Surface Spin Torque Co-Mediated FMR 1605.2 Voltage Control of FMR via Ionic Liquid Gating 1615.3 RF/Microwave Devices in General 1635.4 State-of-the-Art Tunable RF/Microwave Devices 1645.4.1 Magnetic and Magnetoelectric Inductors 1645.4.2 Bandpass Filters and Bandstop Filters/Attenuators 1645.4.3 Phase Shifters and Delay Lines 1675.4.4 Multiferroic/Magnetoelectric Antennas 1685.5 Multiferroic RF/Microwave Devices in Future 168References 1696 Toward Multiferroic Memories 175Zhongqiang Hu, Qu Yang, Xinger Zhao, and Gail J. Brown6.1 Introduction 1756.2 Voltage Control of Magnetism 1766.2.1 Voltage Control of Magnetoresistance 1776.2.2 Voltage Control of Exchange Bias 1776.2.3 Voltage Control of Domain Dynamics 1846.2.4 Toward Nonvolatile Control of Magnetism 1886.3 Magnetic Memories in General 1896.4 State-of-the-Art Multiferroic Memories 1916.5 Multiferroic Memories in Future 196References 1977 Multiferroic Sensors 203Zhiguang Wang, Menghui Li, Tianxiang Nan, and Nianxiang Sun7.1 Introduction 2037.2 ME Coupling 2037.3 Magnetic Sensors in General 2047.4 State-of-the-Art Multiferroic Sensors 2057.4.1 Highly Sensitive Bulk ME Sensor 2067.4.2 Miniature Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) Sensor Based on Nanoplate Resonator 2077.4.3 A Novel Flexible Sensor Based on AMR Effect 208References 2098 Integrated Multiferroic Inductors – Toward Reconfiguration 211Yuan Gao, Tian Wang, Zhongqiang Hu, and Bin Peng8.1 Introduction 2118.2 Magnetic Inductors 2118.2.1 Inductor Structures 2118.2.2 Magnetic Materials 2138.3 Tunable Multiferroic Inductors 2178.3.1 Tunability for RFIC and MMIC 2178.3.1.1 Ferroelectric Varactors 2178.3.1.2 RF MEMS 2198.3.1.3 FET Switches 2208.3.1.4 Tunable Multiferroics 2218.3.2 Tunability for Inductors 2228.4 Recent Progress of Magnetic Inductors and Voltage Tunable Inductors 226References 2309 Multiferroics in Future 237Qu Yang, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu9.1 Novel Multiferroic Devices and Applications 2379.1.1 Magnetoelectric Recording 2379.1.2 Magnetoelectric Random Access Memories 2389.1.3 Electrically Tunable Microwave Devices 2389.2 Novel Multiferroic Composites 2399.2.1 Exchange Bias 2399.2.2 Spin Wave 239References 239Index 243

Dr. Ming Liu is Professor at the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, and Director of the laboratory for Integrated Multiferroic Materials and Devices at Xi'an Jiaotong University, China. He obtained his PhD from Northeastern University, USA in 2010. His research is focused on integrated multiferroics and device applications. He has contributed more than 130 scientific publications. One of the first-authored paper was selected as "the 10 most outstanding full papers in the past ten years 7(2001~2010) in Advanced Functional Materials". Dr. Ziyao Zhou is Professor at the School of Electrical and Information Engineering, and Director of the laboratory for Integrated Multiferroic Materials and Devices at 'an Jiaotong University, China. He received his PhD from Electrical and Computer Engineering department at Northeastern University, USA. His research has been on integrated nanostructures and multiferroics for energy-efficient electronics and spintronics. He has contributed to a number of publications and related patents and patent disclosures.

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• Preface ix1 Introduction to Multiferroics and Its Application 1Qu Yang, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu1.1 Concept of Multiferroics and the Existing Magnetization Manipulation Methods for Practical Applications 11.2 Typical Multiferroic Heterostructures and Their Characteristics 2References 22 Multiferroic Materials 5Wanjun Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu2.1 Introduction 52.2 Single-Phase Multiferroics 72.3 Bulk Composites 122.3.1 Ceramic Composites 132.3.2 Magnetic Alloy-Based Composites 152.3.3 Polymer-Based Composites 162.3.4 Converse ME Effect in Bulk Composites 182.4 Composite Thin Films 192.4.1 1-3 Type Columnar Composite Thin Films 202.4.2 0-3 Type Particle Composite Thin Films 222.4.3 2-2 Type Laminated Composite Thin Films 232.4.4 Quasi 2-2 Type Composite Thin Films 272.4.5 Organic Composite Thin Films 292.5 Two-Dimensional Multiferroics 32References 363 Mechanisms of Multiferroic Material 51Yuxin Cheng, Weixiao Hou, Mingmin Zhu, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming LiuSummary 513.1 Strain/Stress-Induced ME Coupling 513.2 EM-Spin-Wave Coupling 553.3 Interfacial Charge-Induced ME Coupling 653.4 BFO System 703.5 Spiral Spin Order Control RMnO3 943.6 Other Novel Interfacial ME Coupling Effects 100References 1094 Multiferroic Simulations 121Yue-Wen Fang, Wen-Yi Tong, and Chun-Gang Duan4.1 First-Principles Calculation 1214.1.1 Origins of Ferroelectricity in Type-I Multiferroics 1224.1.2 Conventional Ferroelectricity 1234.1.3 ns2 Lone-Pair Stereochemical Activity 1234.1.4 Geometric Ferroelectricity 1244.1.5 Electronic Ferroelectricity 1254.2 Spin-Driven Ferroelectricity in Type-II Multiferroic Materials 1264.2.1 Ferroelectricity Induced by Noncollinear Magnetism 1264.2.2 Ferroelectricity Induced by Collinear Magnetism 1294.3 Prediction of Novel Multiferroics 1304.3.1 Strain Engineering 1304.3.2 Systems Based on Ordered Perovskite Cells 1324.4 Phase-Field Simulation 1344.4.1 Simulation of Ferroelectric Switching Properties 1344.4.2 Ferroelectric Switching in BiFeO3 1354.4.3 Ferroelectric Switching in BaTiO3/SrTiO3 Superlattice 1374.5 Simulation of Coupled Ferroic Domains 1394.5.1 Phase-Field Simulation in Magnetoelectric Composites 1404.5.2 Phase-Field Simulation in Single-Phase Multiferroics 1424.6 Theoretical Models of Magnetoelectric Coupling in Multiferroic Heterostructures 1434.6.1 Interface Magnetoelectric Effect 1444.6.2 Spin-Dependent Screening-Induced Magnetoelectric Effect 146References 1515 Multiferroic RF/Microwave Devices 157Wanjun Peng, Brandon Howe, and Xi Yang5.1 Voltage Control of FMR 1575.1.1 Voltage Control of FMR via Strain/Stress 1585.1.1.1 Strain/Stress Modulation for Materials with In-Plane Easy Axis 1585.1.1.2 Strain/Stress Modulation for Materials with Out-of-Plane Easy Axis 1595.1.2 Voltage Control of FMR via the Combined Effects of Strain/Stress and Other Mechanisms 1605.1.2.1 Strain and Charge Co-Mediated FMR 1605.1.2.2 Strain and Surface Spin Torque Co-Mediated FMR 1605.2 Voltage Control of FMR via Ionic Liquid Gating 1615.3 RF/Microwave Devices in General 1635.4 State-of-the-Art Tunable RF/Microwave Devices 1645.4.1 Magnetic and Magnetoelectric Inductors 1645.4.2 Bandpass Filters and Bandstop Filters/Attenuators 1645.4.3 Phase Shifters and Delay Lines 1675.4.4 Multiferroic/Magnetoelectric Antennas 1685.5 Multiferroic RF/Microwave Devices in Future 168References 1696 Toward Multiferroic Memories 175Zhongqiang Hu, Qu Yang, Xinger Zhao, and Gail J. Brown6.1 Introduction 1756.2 Voltage Control of Magnetism 1766.2.1 Voltage Control of Magnetoresistance 1776.2.2 Voltage Control of Exchange Bias 1776.2.3 Voltage Control of Domain Dynamics 1846.2.4 Toward Nonvolatile Control of Magnetism 1886.3 Magnetic Memories in General 1896.4 State-of-the-Art Multiferroic Memories 1916.5 Multiferroic Memories in Future 196References 1977 Multiferroic Sensors 203Zhiguang Wang, Menghui Li, Tianxiang Nan, and Nianxiang Sun7.1 Introduction 2037.2 ME Coupling 2037.3 Magnetic Sensors in General 2047.4 State-of-the-Art Multiferroic Sensors 2057.4.1 Highly Sensitive Bulk ME Sensor 2067.4.2 Miniature Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS) Sensor Based on Nanoplate Resonator 2077.4.3 A Novel Flexible Sensor Based on AMR Effect 208References 2098 Integrated Multiferroic Inductors – Toward Reconfiguration 211Yuan Gao, Tian Wang, Zhongqiang Hu, and Bin Peng8.1 Introduction 2118.2 Magnetic Inductors 2118.2.1 Inductor Structures 2118.2.2 Magnetic Materials 2138.3 Tunable Multiferroic Inductors 2178.3.1 Tunability for RFIC and MMIC 2178.3.1.1 Ferroelectric Varactors 2178.3.1.2 RF MEMS 2198.3.1.3 FET Switches 2208.3.1.4 Tunable Multiferroics 2218.3.2 Tunability for Inductors 2228.4 Recent Progress of Magnetic Inductors and Voltage Tunable Inductors 226References 2309 Multiferroics in Future 237Qu Yang, Bin Peng, Ziyao Zhou, and Ming Liu9.1 Novel Multiferroic Devices and Applications 2379.1.1 Magnetoelectric Recording 2379.1.2 Magnetoelectric Random Access Memories 2389.1.3 Electrically Tunable Microwave Devices 2389.2 Novel Multiferroic Composites 2399.2.1 Exchange Bias 2399.2.2 Spin Wave 239References 239Index 243