Yuan-Hua Lin, PhD, is Dean of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. His research interests are focused on functional oxide-based ceramics and thin films. Jinle Lan, PhD, is Associate Professor of the College of Materials Science and Engineering at Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China. His research focuses on functional oxides and composites for energy conversion and storage. Cewen Nan, PhD, is Professor of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. His research focuses on functional materials, including multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, thermoelectric oxides, functional polymer-based composites, and solid state electrolytes.

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• Foreword ixPart I Theories and Fundamentals 11 Electron Transport Model in Nano Bulk Thermoelectrics 31.1 History of Conducting Oxides 31.2 Structural Characteristics of Oxides 81.3 Band Structure of Conventional Oxides 111.4 Electrical Properties 111.5 Model for Thermoelectric Oxides 151.6 Effect of Interface on Electron Transport 17References 222 Controlling the Thermal Conductivity of Bulk Nanomaterials 252.1 Bonding and Lattice Vibration 252.2 Lattice Distortions in Determining Thermal Properties 252.2.1 Point Defects and Dislocations 252.2.2 Peierls Distortion 272.2.3 Octahedral Distortion in Manganite Perovskites 282.3 Callaway Model and the Minimum Thermal Properties 302.4 Temperature Relationship in Thermal Properties 322.5 Model for Lattice Thermal Conductivity 362.5.1 Kinetic Theory 362.5.2 Boltzmann Equation 362.5.3 Phonon–Phonon Collisions 382.6 Interfacial Thermal Conductivity 402.7 Model for Nano Bulk Materials 432.8 Minimum Value for Oxides 48References 49Part II Materials 533 Nonoxide Materials 553.1 Bi2Te3-Based Materials 553.2 Skutterudite-Based Materials 593.3 Si–Ge Alloys 623.4 Other Alloy Materials 66References 714 Binary Oxides 774.1 Introduction for ZnO 774.2 Property of ZnO 774.2.1 Structure 774.2.2 Lattice Parameters 774.2.3 Electronic Band Structure 774.2.4 Mechanical Properties 794.2.5 Thermal Expansion Coefficients 794.2.6 Thermal Conductivity 804.2.7 Specific Heat 804.2.8 Electrical Properties of Undoped ZnO 814.3 Doping for ZnO-Based Thermoelectric Materials 814.4 ZnO Nanostructures 844.5 Introduction for In2O3 874.6 Property of In2O3 884.6.1 Structure 884.6.2 Electronic Band Structure 894.6.3 Thermal Properties and Electrical Properties 894.7 Doping for In2O3-BasedThermoelectricMaterials 904.8 In2O3 Nanostructures 944.9 TiO2 and Others 98References 1015 Perovskite-Type Oxides 1055.1 Introduction for Perovskite-Type Oxides 1055.2 Crystal Structure and Electronic Structure of Perovskite-Type Oxides 1065.2.1 Crystal Structure 1065.2.2 Electronic Structure 1075.3 A- and B-Sites Doping for Perovskite-Type Oxides 1085.3.1 SrTiO3 1085.3.2 CaMnO 1095.3.3 LaCoO3 1115.4 Double Perovskites 1125.4.1 Structure of Double Perovskites 1125.4.2 Thermoelectric Properties of A′A′′B2O5+;; 1135.4.3 Thermoelectric Properties of A2 B′B′′O6 1135.4.4 Doping Modulation 1155.4.5 Composite Ceramics 1185.5 Nanostructure Property Relationships in Perovskite-Type Oxides 120References 1246 Oxide Cobaltites 1336.1 Introduction 1336.2 NaxCoO2 1336.3 Ca3Co4O9 1386.3.1 Single Dopants of Ca3Co4O9 1396.3.2 Dual Dopants of Ca3Co4O9 1446.3.3 Texture for Ca3Co4O9 1476.3.4 Nanocomposites for Ca3Co4O9 1476.4 New Concepts for Oxide Cobaltites 150References 1517 Promising Complex Oxides for High Performance 1557.1 Crystal Structure–Property Relationships 1557.2 History of Complex Superconductors 1567.3 Ternary Oxyselenides 1587.3.1 Donor Doping on [Bi2O2]2+ Layers 1587.3.2 Donor Doping on [Se]2− Layers 1607.3.3 The Solid Solution of Bi2O2Se and Bi2O2Te 1607.4 Quaternary Oxyselenides 1647.4.1 Thermoelectric Properties 1667.4.2 Band Gap Tuning 1687.4.3 Texturing 1687.4.4 Modulation Doping 1697.4.5 Nanocompositing 1717.5 Complexity Through Disorder in the Unit Cell 1737.6 Complex Unit Cells 174References 1768 New Thermoelectric Materials and Nanocomposites 1798.1 Nanocomposite Design 1808.1.1 Energy-filtering Design 1808.1.2 All-Scale Hierarchical Architectures 1818.1.3 Quantum Nanostructured Bulk Materials 1838.2 Organic Thermoelectric Materials 1838.2.1 p-Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials 1848.2.2 PEDOT 1848.2.3 PANI 1878.2.3.1 The Molecular Structure of PANI 1888.2.3.2 Conductive Mechanism of PANI 1888.2.3.3 Synthesis of PANI 1888.2.3.4 Electrochemical Method 1898.2.4 Doping of PANI 1898.2.5 Tuning the Work Function of Polyaniline 1908.2.6 n-Type Thermoelectric Materials 1928.3 Organic/Inorganic Thermoelectric Nanocomposites 1928.3.1 0D Nanoparticles/Polymer 1928.3.2 1D Nanowires or Nanotubes/Polymer 1938.3.3 2D Nanosheets/Polymer 197References 201Part III Devices and Application 2079 Oxide Materials Preparation 2099.1 Synthesis Method of Nanopowder 2099.1.1 Solid-State Reaction 2099.1.2 Solution Preparation 2109.1.2.1 Sol–Gel Method 2119.1.2.2 Precipitation and Coprecipitation Method 2119.1.2.3 Hydrothermal Method 2139.1.3 Gas-Phase Reaction 2149.2 Advanced Bulk Technology 2149.2.1 Spark Plasma Sintering 2159.2.2 Hot-Press Sintering 2159.2.3 Microwave Sintering 2179.2.4 Two-Step Sintering 2189.2.5 Phase-Transformation Sintering 2199.3 Sintering Conditions on the Properties of Bulk 2199.3.1 Effect of Sintering Temperature 2199.3.2 Effect of Sintering Atmosphere 2209.3.3 Effect of the Addition for Sintering 220References 22110 Modeling and Optimizing of Thermoelectric Devices 22910.1 Introduction to Thermoelectric Devices 22910.2 The Theoretical Analysis 23010.3 The Model Design 23210.4 The Interfaces in Thermoelectric Modules 23610.5 The Simulation and the Optimization 23810.6 The Measurement Theories and Systems 24110.7 All-oxide Thermoelectric Device 242References 24511 Photovoltaic Application of Thermoelectric Materials and Devices 24711.1 Introduction 24711.2 Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Integration Devices 24811.3 Photoelectric–Thermoelectric Composite Materials 253References 260Index 263

Yuan-Hua Lin, PhD, is Dean of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. His research interests are focused on functional oxide-based ceramics and thin films. Jinle Lan, PhD, is Associate Professor of the College of Materials Science and Engineering at Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China. His research focuses on functional oxides and composites for energy conversion and storage. Cewen Nan, PhD, is Professor of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. His research focuses on functional materials, including multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, thermoelectric oxides, functional polymer-based composites, and solid state electrolytes.

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• Foreword ixPart I Theories and Fundamentals 11 Electron Transport Model in Nano Bulk Thermoelectrics 31.1 History of Conducting Oxides 31.2 Structural Characteristics of Oxides 81.3 Band Structure of Conventional Oxides 111.4 Electrical Properties 111.5 Model for Thermoelectric Oxides 151.6 Effect of Interface on Electron Transport 17References 222 Controlling the Thermal Conductivity of Bulk Nanomaterials 252.1 Bonding and Lattice Vibration 252.2 Lattice Distortions in Determining Thermal Properties 252.2.1 Point Defects and Dislocations 252.2.2 Peierls Distortion 272.2.3 Octahedral Distortion in Manganite Perovskites 282.3 Callaway Model and the Minimum Thermal Properties 302.4 Temperature Relationship in Thermal Properties 322.5 Model for Lattice Thermal Conductivity 362.5.1 Kinetic Theory 362.5.2 Boltzmann Equation 362.5.3 Phonon–Phonon Collisions 382.6 Interfacial Thermal Conductivity 402.7 Model for Nano Bulk Materials 432.8 Minimum Value for Oxides 48References 49Part II Materials 533 Nonoxide Materials 553.1 Bi2Te3-Based Materials 553.2 Skutterudite-Based Materials 593.3 Si–Ge Alloys 623.4 Other Alloy Materials 66References 714 Binary Oxides 774.1 Introduction for ZnO 774.2 Property of ZnO 774.2.1 Structure 774.2.2 Lattice Parameters 774.2.3 Electronic Band Structure 774.2.4 Mechanical Properties 794.2.5 Thermal Expansion Coefficients 794.2.6 Thermal Conductivity 804.2.7 Specific Heat 804.2.8 Electrical Properties of Undoped ZnO 814.3 Doping for ZnO-Based Thermoelectric Materials 814.4 ZnO Nanostructures 844.5 Introduction for In2O3 874.6 Property of In2O3 884.6.1 Structure 884.6.2 Electronic Band Structure 894.6.3 Thermal Properties and Electrical Properties 894.7 Doping for In2O3-BasedThermoelectricMaterials 904.8 In2O3 Nanostructures 944.9 TiO2 and Others 98References 1015 Perovskite-Type Oxides 1055.1 Introduction for Perovskite-Type Oxides 1055.2 Crystal Structure and Electronic Structure of Perovskite-Type Oxides 1065.2.1 Crystal Structure 1065.2.2 Electronic Structure 1075.3 A- and B-Sites Doping for Perovskite-Type Oxides 1085.3.1 SrTiO3 1085.3.2 CaMnO 1095.3.3 LaCoO3 1115.4 Double Perovskites 1125.4.1 Structure of Double Perovskites 1125.4.2 Thermoelectric Properties of A′A′′B2O5+;; 1135.4.3 Thermoelectric Properties of A2 B′B′′O6 1135.4.4 Doping Modulation 1155.4.5 Composite Ceramics 1185.5 Nanostructure Property Relationships in Perovskite-Type Oxides 120References 1246 Oxide Cobaltites 1336.1 Introduction 1336.2 NaxCoO2 1336.3 Ca3Co4O9 1386.3.1 Single Dopants of Ca3Co4O9 1396.3.2 Dual Dopants of Ca3Co4O9 1446.3.3 Texture for Ca3Co4O9 1476.3.4 Nanocomposites for Ca3Co4O9 1476.4 New Concepts for Oxide Cobaltites 150References 1517 Promising Complex Oxides for High Performance 1557.1 Crystal Structure–Property Relationships 1557.2 History of Complex Superconductors 1567.3 Ternary Oxyselenides 1587.3.1 Donor Doping on [Bi2O2]2+ Layers 1587.3.2 Donor Doping on [Se]2− Layers 1607.3.3 The Solid Solution of Bi2O2Se and Bi2O2Te 1607.4 Quaternary Oxyselenides 1647.4.1 Thermoelectric Properties 1667.4.2 Band Gap Tuning 1687.4.3 Texturing 1687.4.4 Modulation Doping 1697.4.5 Nanocompositing 1717.5 Complexity Through Disorder in the Unit Cell 1737.6 Complex Unit Cells 174References 1768 New Thermoelectric Materials and Nanocomposites 1798.1 Nanocomposite Design 1808.1.1 Energy-filtering Design 1808.1.2 All-Scale Hierarchical Architectures 1818.1.3 Quantum Nanostructured Bulk Materials 1838.2 Organic Thermoelectric Materials 1838.2.1 p-Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials 1848.2.2 PEDOT 1848.2.3 PANI 1878.2.3.1 The Molecular Structure of PANI 1888.2.3.2 Conductive Mechanism of PANI 1888.2.3.3 Synthesis of PANI 1888.2.3.4 Electrochemical Method 1898.2.4 Doping of PANI 1898.2.5 Tuning the Work Function of Polyaniline 1908.2.6 n-Type Thermoelectric Materials 1928.3 Organic/Inorganic Thermoelectric Nanocomposites 1928.3.1 0D Nanoparticles/Polymer 1928.3.2 1D Nanowires or Nanotubes/Polymer 1938.3.3 2D Nanosheets/Polymer 197References 201Part III Devices and Application 2079 Oxide Materials Preparation 2099.1 Synthesis Method of Nanopowder 2099.1.1 Solid-State Reaction 2099.1.2 Solution Preparation 2109.1.2.1 Sol–Gel Method 2119.1.2.2 Precipitation and Coprecipitation Method 2119.1.2.3 Hydrothermal Method 2139.1.3 Gas-Phase Reaction 2149.2 Advanced Bulk Technology 2149.2.1 Spark Plasma Sintering 2159.2.2 Hot-Press Sintering 2159.2.3 Microwave Sintering 2179.2.4 Two-Step Sintering 2189.2.5 Phase-Transformation Sintering 2199.3 Sintering Conditions on the Properties of Bulk 2199.3.1 Effect of Sintering Temperature 2199.3.2 Effect of Sintering Atmosphere 2209.3.3 Effect of the Addition for Sintering 220References 22110 Modeling and Optimizing of Thermoelectric Devices 22910.1 Introduction to Thermoelectric Devices 22910.2 The Theoretical Analysis 23010.3 The Model Design 23210.4 The Interfaces in Thermoelectric Modules 23610.5 The Simulation and the Optimization 23810.6 The Measurement Theories and Systems 24110.7 All-oxide Thermoelectric Device 242References 24511 Photovoltaic Application of Thermoelectric Materials and Devices 24711.1 Introduction 24711.2 Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Integration Devices 24811.3 Photoelectric–Thermoelectric Composite Materials 253References 260Index 263

Yuan-Hua Lin, PhD, is Dean of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. His research interests are focused on functional oxide-based ceramics and thin films. Jinle Lan, PhD, is Associate Professor of the College of Materials Science and Engineering at Beijing University of Chemical Technology, China. His research focuses on functional oxides and composites for energy conversion and storage. Cewen Nan, PhD, is Professor of the School of Materials Science and Engineering at Tsinghua University, China. His research focuses on functional materials, including multiferroic magnetoelectric materials, thermoelectric oxides, functional polymer-based composites, and solid state electrolytes.

Select Guide Rating

• Foreword ixPart I Theories and Fundamentals 11 Electron Transport Model in Nano Bulk Thermoelectrics 31.1 History of Conducting Oxides 31.2 Structural Characteristics of Oxides 81.3 Band Structure of Conventional Oxides 111.4 Electrical Properties 111.5 Model for Thermoelectric Oxides 151.6 Effect of Interface on Electron Transport 17References 222 Controlling the Thermal Conductivity of Bulk Nanomaterials 252.1 Bonding and Lattice Vibration 252.2 Lattice Distortions in Determining Thermal Properties 252.2.1 Point Defects and Dislocations 252.2.2 Peierls Distortion 272.2.3 Octahedral Distortion in Manganite Perovskites 282.3 Callaway Model and the Minimum Thermal Properties 302.4 Temperature Relationship in Thermal Properties 322.5 Model for Lattice Thermal Conductivity 362.5.1 Kinetic Theory 362.5.2 Boltzmann Equation 362.5.3 Phonon–Phonon Collisions 382.6 Interfacial Thermal Conductivity 402.7 Model for Nano Bulk Materials 432.8 Minimum Value for Oxides 48References 49Part II Materials 533 Nonoxide Materials 553.1 Bi2Te3-Based Materials 553.2 Skutterudite-Based Materials 593.3 Si–Ge Alloys 623.4 Other Alloy Materials 66References 714 Binary Oxides 774.1 Introduction for ZnO 774.2 Property of ZnO 774.2.1 Structure 774.2.2 Lattice Parameters 774.2.3 Electronic Band Structure 774.2.4 Mechanical Properties 794.2.5 Thermal Expansion Coefficients 794.2.6 Thermal Conductivity 804.2.7 Specific Heat 804.2.8 Electrical Properties of Undoped ZnO 814.3 Doping for ZnO-Based Thermoelectric Materials 814.4 ZnO Nanostructures 844.5 Introduction for In2O3 874.6 Property of In2O3 884.6.1 Structure 884.6.2 Electronic Band Structure 894.6.3 Thermal Properties and Electrical Properties 894.7 Doping for In2O3-BasedThermoelectricMaterials 904.8 In2O3 Nanostructures 944.9 TiO2 and Others 98References 1015 Perovskite-Type Oxides 1055.1 Introduction for Perovskite-Type Oxides 1055.2 Crystal Structure and Electronic Structure of Perovskite-Type Oxides 1065.2.1 Crystal Structure 1065.2.2 Electronic Structure 1075.3 A- and B-Sites Doping for Perovskite-Type Oxides 1085.3.1 SrTiO3 1085.3.2 CaMnO 1095.3.3 LaCoO3 1115.4 Double Perovskites 1125.4.1 Structure of Double Perovskites 1125.4.2 Thermoelectric Properties of A′A′′B2O5+;; 1135.4.3 Thermoelectric Properties of A2 B′B′′O6 1135.4.4 Doping Modulation 1155.4.5 Composite Ceramics 1185.5 Nanostructure Property Relationships in Perovskite-Type Oxides 120References 1246 Oxide Cobaltites 1336.1 Introduction 1336.2 NaxCoO2 1336.3 Ca3Co4O9 1386.3.1 Single Dopants of Ca3Co4O9 1396.3.2 Dual Dopants of Ca3Co4O9 1446.3.3 Texture for Ca3Co4O9 1476.3.4 Nanocomposites for Ca3Co4O9 1476.4 New Concepts for Oxide Cobaltites 150References 1517 Promising Complex Oxides for High Performance 1557.1 Crystal Structure–Property Relationships 1557.2 History of Complex Superconductors 1567.3 Ternary Oxyselenides 1587.3.1 Donor Doping on [Bi2O2]2+ Layers 1587.3.2 Donor Doping on [Se]2− Layers 1607.3.3 The Solid Solution of Bi2O2Se and Bi2O2Te 1607.4 Quaternary Oxyselenides 1647.4.1 Thermoelectric Properties 1667.4.2 Band Gap Tuning 1687.4.3 Texturing 1687.4.4 Modulation Doping 1697.4.5 Nanocompositing 1717.5 Complexity Through Disorder in the Unit Cell 1737.6 Complex Unit Cells 174References 1768 New Thermoelectric Materials and Nanocomposites 1798.1 Nanocomposite Design 1808.1.1 Energy-filtering Design 1808.1.2 All-Scale Hierarchical Architectures 1818.1.3 Quantum Nanostructured Bulk Materials 1838.2 Organic Thermoelectric Materials 1838.2.1 p-Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials 1848.2.2 PEDOT 1848.2.3 PANI 1878.2.3.1 The Molecular Structure of PANI 1888.2.3.2 Conductive Mechanism of PANI 1888.2.3.3 Synthesis of PANI 1888.2.3.4 Electrochemical Method 1898.2.4 Doping of PANI 1898.2.5 Tuning the Work Function of Polyaniline 1908.2.6 n-Type Thermoelectric Materials 1928.3 Organic/Inorganic Thermoelectric Nanocomposites 1928.3.1 0D Nanoparticles/Polymer 1928.3.2 1D Nanowires or Nanotubes/Polymer 1938.3.3 2D Nanosheets/Polymer 197References 201Part III Devices and Application 2079 Oxide Materials Preparation 2099.1 Synthesis Method of Nanopowder 2099.1.1 Solid-State Reaction 2099.1.2 Solution Preparation 2109.1.2.1 Sol–Gel Method 2119.1.2.2 Precipitation and Coprecipitation Method 2119.1.2.3 Hydrothermal Method 2139.1.3 Gas-Phase Reaction 2149.2 Advanced Bulk Technology 2149.2.1 Spark Plasma Sintering 2159.2.2 Hot-Press Sintering 2159.2.3 Microwave Sintering 2179.2.4 Two-Step Sintering 2189.2.5 Phase-Transformation Sintering 2199.3 Sintering Conditions on the Properties of Bulk 2199.3.1 Effect of Sintering Temperature 2199.3.2 Effect of Sintering Atmosphere 2209.3.3 Effect of the Addition for Sintering 220References 22110 Modeling and Optimizing of Thermoelectric Devices 22910.1 Introduction to Thermoelectric Devices 22910.2 The Theoretical Analysis 23010.3 The Model Design 23210.4 The Interfaces in Thermoelectric Modules 23610.5 The Simulation and the Optimization 23810.6 The Measurement Theories and Systems 24110.7 All-oxide Thermoelectric Device 242References 24511 Photovoltaic Application of Thermoelectric Materials and Devices 24711.1 Introduction 24711.2 Photovoltaic–Thermoelectric Integration Devices 24811.3 Photoelectric–Thermoelectric Composite Materials 253References 260Index 263