Energetic Materials and Munitions

Adam Cumming, PhD, is Honorary Professor at the Edinburgh University School of Chemistry, UK, and a recognized world expert in the field of energetics. He has worked for the UK Ministry of Defence within their research organisations.Mark Johnson, PhD, DABT, ATS serves as the Director of Toxicology, US Army Public Health Center at Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA. He is the chair of the Tri-Service Toxicology Consortium, past president of the American Board of Toxicology and has authored more than 100 manuscripts, technical reports and book chapters on the toxicology and risk assessment of munition compounds.

• Preface xi1 Introduction and Overview 1Adam S. Cumming1.1 Introduction 11.2 Legislative Impact 21.3 NATO Studies 41.4 New Ingredients and Compositions 51.5 Toxicology 61.6 Life‐Cycle Analysis 71.7 Managing Contamination and Clean‐Up 71.8 Disposal Now and in the Future 81.9 Recycling 81.10 Conclusions 9References 92 General Introduction to Ammunition Demilitarization 13David Towndrow2.1 Part one – Logistics, Costs, and Management 132.1.1 Introduction 132.1.2 Context of Demilitarization 142.1.2.1 The Scale of the Issue 142.1.2.2 Factors Influencing Demilitarization 152.1.3 Demilitarization Process 172.1.3.1 Basic Stages of Demilitarization 172.1.3.2 Demilitarization Facilities 202.1.4 Demilitarization Techniques 202.1.4.1 Demilitarization Techniques and Processes 202.1.4.2 Maturity and Use of Demilitarization Techniques 212.1.5 Summary 262.2 Part Two – Environmental Issues and Demilitarization 272.2.1 Introduction 272.2.2 Demilitarization Process 272.2.2.1 Technical and Environmental Issues 272.2.2.2 Open Burning (OB) and Open Detonation (OD) 292.2.2.3 Open Burning 322.2.2.4 Open Detonation 332.2.2.5 Examples of Cost and CO2 in Demilitarization Options 362.2.3 Design for Demilitarization (DFD) 402.2.3.1 NATO AOP 4518 (Revised 2018) 402.2.3.2 A Munition Manager’s Perspective of Disposal Plans 442.2.3.3 Future Trends 45References 463 Assessment and Sustainment of the Environmental Health of Military Live‐fire Training Ranges 47Sonia Thiboutot and Sylvie Brochu3.1 Introduction 473.2 Background and Context 483.3 Munition‐Related Contaminants 513.4 Surface Soil Characterization in Live‐fire Training Ranges 523.4.1 Safety Aspects 533.4.2 Data Quality and Sampling Objectives 533.4.3 Importance of Soil Sample Processing to Ensure Representativeness 563.4.4 How Clean is Clean? 573.4.5 Risk to the Receptors Through the Transport of Munitions Constituents 583.5 Methodology for the Precise Measurements of MC Sources 613.5.1 Explosive Footprints in Impact Areas 613.5.2 Firing Positions 643.6 Tailored Management Practices: Mitigation and Remediation 673.6.1 Mitigation Measures 673.6.1.1 Analytical Tool and Adsorption Method for MCs in Aqueous Samples 673.6.1.2 Thermal Treatment of Shoulder Rocket Propellant‐Contaminated Surface and Subsurface Soils 683.7 Emerging Constituents 693.8 Conclusion 70References 714 Greener Munitions 75Sylvie Brochu and Sonia Thiboutot4.1 Background and Context 754.2 Munitions Constituents of Concern 774.3 Source of Munitions Constituents 784.4 Greener Munitions Development Approach 794.5 RIGHTTRAC 824.5.1 Energetic Formulation Selection 834.5.1.1 Main Explosive Charge 834.5.1.2 Performance 834.5.1.3 IM Properties 834.5.1.4 Fate, Transport, and Toxicity 844.5.2 Main Propellant Charge 864.5.2.1 Performance 864.5.2.2 Modular Charges 874.5.2.3 IM Properties 874.5.2.4 Fate, Transport, and Toxicity 884.5.3 Field Demonstration 894.5.3.1 Final Selection 894.5.3.2 Gun Testing 894.5.3.3 Detonation Residues 904.5.4 Life‐Cycle Analysis 914.5.5 Summary 924.6 New Enhanced and Green Plastic Explosive for Demolition and Ordnance Disposal 924.6.1 PETN Option 934.6.1.1 Performance 934.6.1.2 Deposition Rate 944.6.1.3 Fate, Transport, and Toxicity 944.6.2 HMX Option 954.6.3 Summary 964.7 Conclusions 96References 985 Pyrotechnics and The Environment 103Ranko Vrcelj5.1 Introduction 1035.2 Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) 1055.3 Qualification 1075.4 Civilian Studies 1075.5 Production 1095.6 Site Location 1105.7 Production 1125.8 Raw Materials Acquisition and Quality Control 1125.9 Specific Materials Production 1145.10 Heavy Metals 1155.11 Perchlorates and Chlorates 1165.12 Smokes 1165.13 Volatilization Smokes 1165.14 Magnesium Teflon Viton (MTV) Countermeasures 1165.15 Resins, Binders, and Solvents 1175.16 Storage 1175.17 Packaging Waste 1185.18 Usage and Disposal 1185.19 Heavy Metals 1185.20 Perchlorates and Chlorates 1225.21 Smokes 1245.21.1 Obscurant Smokes 1245.21.2 Volatilization Smokes 1245.21.3 MTV 1255.22 Disposal and Waste Burning 1265.23 The Future? 1275.24 Suitably Qualified and Experienced Person (SQEP) Issues 1285.25 Integration 129Acknowledgements 133References 1336 Munitions in the Sea 139Sandro Carniel, Jacek Beldowsky, and Margo Edwards6.1 Introduction 1396.2 The Controlling Factors 1416.2.1 Environmental Aspects 1416.2.2 Corrosion 1426.2.3 Fate and Transport of Constituents 1446.2.4 Sea‐Disposal Process 1456.3 Tools for Assessment and Remediation 1456.3.1 Acoustic Sensors 1456.3.2 EM Sensors 1466.3.3 Optical Sensors 1466.3.4 Platforms 1466.3.5 Navigation and Positioning 1476.3.6 Remediation 1496.4 The Outstanding Problems 1506.4.1 Technical Aspects 1506.4.1.1 Location 1506.4.1.2 Detection 1506.4.1.3 Monitoring 1516.4.1.4 Handling 1516.4.2 Environmental Aspects 1526.4.2.1 Chemical Degradation of MEC 1526.4.2.2 Long‐Term and Long‐Distance Transport 1536.4.2.3 Ecotoxicological Aspects 1546.4.3 Geopolitical Aspects 1566.5 Moving Forward 1596.5.1 Global Collaboration 1596.5.2 Recent Global EU and NATO Efforts 1606.5.3 Advantages of Joint Efforts 161Glossary 162Acknowledgements 163References 1637 Environmental Assessment of Military Systems with the Life‐Cycle Assessment Methodology 169Carlos Ferreira, Fausto Freire, and José Ribeiro7.1 Overview of the Life‐Cycle Assessment Methodology 1707.1.1 Life‐Cycle Thinking 1707.1.2 Life‐Cycle Assessment 1717.1.3 Purpose of Life‐Cycle Assessment Studies 1737.2 The Four Phases of the LCA Methodology Applied to a Case Study 1747.2.1 Goal and Scope 1747.2.1.1 Functional Unit 1757.2.1.2 System Boundaries 1767.2.2 Life‐Cycle Inventory 1787.2.3 Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment 1827.2.3.1 Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment Methods 1857.2.3.2 Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment Software 1877.2.3.3 Life‐Cycle Impact Assessment of the Case Study 1887.3 Limitations of Life‐Cycle Assessment 1947.4 Conclusions 194References 1958 Integrating the ‘One Health’ Approach in the Design of Sustainable Munition Systems 199Mark S. Johnson8.1 General Background 1998.2 Munition Compounds and Aetiology of Environmental, Safety, and Occupational Health Issues: Lessons Learnt 1998.3 Core Operational ESOH Data: Needs and Requirements 2008.3.1 Life Cycle Environmental Assessment 2008.3.2 Bridging Communication Between Research and Acquisition 2008.3.3 ESOH Data Requirements 2018.3.3.1 Approaches 2018.4 Current and Evolving Regulatory Interests 2078.5 Case Studies and Cost Analysis 2078.5.1 M116, 117, 118 Simulators 2078.5.2 M‐18 Violet Smoke 2088.5.3 Cost and Time Considerations 2088.6 Summary 210Acknowledgements 210References 2109 Overview of REACH Regulation and Its Implications for the Military Sector 213Carlos Ferreira, Fausto Freire, and José Ribeiro 2139.1 Introduction 2139.2 Regulation for Hazard Substances 2149.2.1 Overview of Previous Legislation Concerning Hazard Substances in the European Union 2149.2.2 Overview of REACH Regulation 2159.2.3 Discussion of REACH Regulation 2179.3 Conclusions 225References 22510 Development and Integration of Environmental, Safety, and Occupational Health Information 227Mark S. Johnson10.1 Introduction 22710.2 Phased Approach to a Toxicology Data Requirement 22810.3 Research, Development, Testing, and Evaluation 22810.3.1 Conception 22810.3.2 Synthesis 23110.3.3 Testing/Demonstration 23210.3.4 Acquisition 23310.3.5 Engineering and Manufacturing 23410.3.6 Demilitarization 23510.4 Other Data Requirements 23510.4.1 Environmental 23510.4.1.1 Fate and Transport 23510.4.1.2 Ecotoxicity 23710.4.1.3 Field Monitoring 23710.4.1.4 Disposal 23710.4.1.5 Occupational – Industrial Hygiene 23710.4.2 Regulatory 23810.4.2.1 Toxic Substance Control Act 23810.4.2.2 REACH 23810.4.3 Integrating Weight‐of‐Evidence into Decision‐Making 23810.5 Concluding Remarks 238Acknowledgements 239References 23911 Research Priorities and the Future 241Adam S. Cumming11.1 Introduction 24111.2 Greener Munitions 24211.3 Studies and Their Effect 24311.4 The Problems and the Changing Requirements 24511.4.1 Land Management and History 24611.5 Security Issues and Their Impact on Requirement 24711.6 Future Options and Needs in a Changing Political Landscape 24711.7 Conclusions 250References 251Index 253