Bio-Based Epoxy Polymers, Blends, and Composites

Dr. Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai is currently working as Research Professor at Center of Innovation in Design and Engineering for Manufacturing, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand. He received his Ph.D. in Polymer Science and Technology (Chemistry) from Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India. He has research experience in various international laboratories such as Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden (IPF) Germany, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, and University of Potsdam, Germany. He has published more than 100 papers in high-quality international peer-reviewed journals on polymer nanocomposites, polymer blends and alloys, and biopolymer, and has edited six books. He received numerous awards and recognitions including prestigious INSPIRE Faculty Award 2011, Kerala State Award for the Best Young Scientist 2016, and Best researcher Award 2019 from King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok. Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa is Research Scientist in the Natural Composites Research Group Lab, Academic Enhancement Department at the King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Thailand. His research areas include natural fiber composites and polymer composites. He has published more than 100 journal articles, several book chapters and books. Suchart Siengchin is President of the King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok (KMUTNB), Thailand. His research focuses on polymer processing and composite material. He has published more than 80 journal articles. Seno Jose is Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry at the Government College Kottayam, India. His research interests include polymer blends, polymer nanocomposites, and shape memory polymeric materials. He has published more than 40 journal articles.

• Preface xiiiAbout the Authors xv1 Synthesis of Bio-Based Epoxy Resins 1Piotr Czub and Anna Sienkiewicz1.1 Introduction 11.2 Plant Oil Bio-Based Epoxy Resins 21.3 Substitutes for Bisphenol A Replacement 131.3.1 Lignin-Based Phenols 131.3.2 Vanilin 231.3.3 Cardanol 361.3.4 Isosorbide 461.3.5 Terpene Derivatives 511.4 Bio-Based Epoxy Curing Agents 56References 662 Natural/Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 73BoWang, Silu Huang, and Libo Yan2.1 Introduction 732.2 Synthetic and Natural Fibers 732.2.1 Synthetic Fibers 742.2.1.1 Organic Synthetic Fibers 742.2.1.2 Inorganic Synthetic Fibers 772.2.2 Natural Fibers 822.2.2.1 Plant-Based Natural Fibers 822.2.2.2 Animal-Based Natural Fibers 862.2.2.3 Mineral-Based Natural Fibers 872.2.3 Hybrid Fiber Product 882.3 Bioepoxy 892.3.1 Natural Oil-Based Epoxy 892.3.2 Isosorbide-Based Epoxy (IS-EPO) 902.3.3 Furan-Based Epoxy 922.3.4 Polyphenolic Epoxy (Vegetable Tannins) 942.3.5 Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) 942.3.6 Lignin-Based Epoxy 962.3.7 Rosin-Based Epoxy 972.4 Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 982.4.1 Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 982.4.2 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 1012.4.3 Natural–Synthetic Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 1032.5 Future Perspectives 1042.6 Conclusions 105Acknowledgments 105References 1063 Polymer Blends Based on Bioepoxy Polymers 117Sudheer Kumar and Sukhila Krishnan3.1 Introduction 1173.2 Plant Oils 1183.2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties of Plant Oils 1183.2.2 Chemical Modification of Plant Oils 1203.3 Preparation of Bioepoxy Polymer Blends with Epoxy Resins 1213.3.1 Castor Oil-Based Bioepoxy Polymer Blend 1233.3.2 Soybean Oil-Based BioepoxyThermoset Polymer Blend 1263.3.3 Linseed Oil-Based BioepoxyThermoset Polymer Blend 1293.3.4 Palm Oil-Based Bioepoxy Thermoset Polymer Blend 1313.4 Application of Bioepoxy Polymer Blends 1333.4.1 Paints and Coatings 1333.4.2 Adhesives 1333.4.3 Aerospace Industry 1343.4.4 Electric Industry 1343.5 Conclusion 134References 1354 Cure Kinetics of Bio-epoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites 143P.A. Parvathy, SmithaMohanty, and Sushanta K. Sahoo4.1 Introduction 1434.2 Fundamentals of Curing Reaction Kinetics 1444.2.1 Curing Kinetic Theories: Isothermal and Non-isothermal 1444.3 Curing of Bio-thermosets 1474.3.1 Curing Agents and Curing Reactions 1474.4 Curing Kinetics of Bio-epoxies and Blends 1494.4.1 Curing Kinetics of Bio-epoxy Composites 1554.5 Case Study: Non-isothermal Kinetics of Plant Oil–Epoxy–Clay Composite 1564.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective 161References 1615 Rheology of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites 167Appukuttan Saritha, Battula D.S. Deeraj, Jitha S. Jayan, and Kuruvilla Joseph5.1 Introduction 1675.2 Rheology of Bioepoxy-Based Polymers 1685.2.1 Natural Oil-Based Epoxies 1695.2.2 Isosorbide-Based Epoxy Resins 1725.2.3 Phenolic and Polyphenolic Epoxies 1755.2.4 Epoxidized Natural Rubber-Based Epoxies 1765.2.5 Epoxy Lignin Derivatives 1785.2.6 Rosin-Based Resin 1815.3 Rheology of Bioepoxy-Based Composites 1815.4 Rheology of Bioepoxy-Based Blends 1875.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 190References 1906 Dynamical Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites 197Angel Romo-Uribe6.1 Focus 1976.2 Bioepoxies and Reinforcers 1986.3 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis and Polymer Dynamics 1986.4 Applications 2076.5 Conclusion 210References 2117 Mechanical Properties of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites 215Ahmad Y. Al-Maharma, Yousef Heider, BerndMarkert, and Marcus Stoffel7.1 Introduction 2157.2 Mechanical Properties of Bioepoxy Polymers 2167.2.1 Effect of Modifying Bioepoxy Chemical Structure 2187.2.2 Effect of Curing Agents 2187.3 Blends of Bioepoxy Resin 2207.3.1 Toughening Effect of EVO-Based Resins 2207.3.2 Effect of Chemical Interaction in Epoxy Blend 2237.3.3 Increasing Content Effect of EVOs in Bioepoxy Blend 2237.4 Bioepoxy-Based Composites 2267.4.1 Undesirable Effect of Moisture Absorption 2267.4.2 Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composite 2277.4.2.1 Natural Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 2277.4.2.2 Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 2297.4.2.3 Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 2307.4.3 Bioepoxy-Based Nanocomposites 2307.4.3.1 Nanoclay-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 2317.4.3.2 Cellulose Nanofiller-Reinforced Bioepoxy Composites 2337.4.4 Multiscale Bioepoxy Composites 2357.5 Conclusion 2357.6 Future Perspectives and Recommendations 237Acknowledgment 237References 2378 Bio-epoxy Polymer, Blends and Composites Derived Utilitarian Electrical, Magnetic and Optical Properties 249RaviPrakashMagisetty and Naga Srilatha CH8.1 Introduction 2498.2 Significance of Bioepoxy-Based Materials 2508.3 Bioepoxy-Derived Utilitarian Electrical, Magnetic, and Optical Properties 2528.3.1 Bioepoxy-Based Material: Electrical and Electronic Properties 2528.3.2 Bioepoxy-Based Material: Magnetic and Optoelectronic Properties 2578.4 Conclusion 262References 2639 Spectroscopy and OtherMiscellaneous Techniques for the Characterization of Bio-epoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites 267Mohammad Khajouei, Peyman Pouresmaeel-Selakjani, and Mohammad Latifi9.1 Introduction 2679.2 Various Methods for Epoxy Polymer Characterization 2689.2.1 FTIR Spectroscopy 2689.2.1.1 How Phase Separation Process Can Affect the IR Spectrum 2709.2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 2709.2.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 2749.2.4 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) 2759.3 Various Bio-Based Epoxy Polymers,Theirs Uses, and Methods of Characterization in Review 2759.3.1 Fire-Retardant-Based Epoxy 2769.3.2 (Lignocellulosic Biomass)-Based Epoxy Polymers 2779.3.3 Furan-Based Epoxy Resin 2789.3.4 Rosin Corrosive-Based Epoxy 2789.3.5 Itaconic Corrosive-Based Epoxy 2789.3.6 Self-mending Epoxy Resin 2799.3.7 Other Epoxy Polymers 279References 28010 Flame Retardancy of Bioepoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites 283Young-O Kim and Yong Chae Jung10.1 Introduction 28310.2 Methods for Analyzing Flame-Retardant Properties 28410.2.1 LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index) 28610.2.2 UL-94 28710.2.2.1 Horizontal Testing (UL-94 HB) 28710.2.2.2 Vertical Testing (UL-94 V) 28810.2.3 Cone Calorimeter 28810.2.3.1 Configuration 28810.2.3.2 Controlling Factors: Heat Flux,Thickness, and Distance Between Sample Surface and Cone Heater 28910.2.4 Microscale Combustion Calorimeter 29210.3 Halogen-Free Flame-RetardantMarket 29310.4 Bioepoxy Polymers with Flame-Retardant Properties 29310.4.1 Lignocellulosic Biomass-Derived Epoxy Polymers 29410.4.1.1 Eugenol 29410.4.1.2 Vanillin 29610.4.2 Furan 29710.4.3 Tannins 29810.5 Use of Fillers for Improving Flame-Retardant Properties of Bioepoxy Polymers 29810.6 Conclusion 302Acknowledgment 303References 30311 Water Sorption and Solvent Sorption of Bio-epoxy Polymers, Their Blends, and Composites 309Amirthalingam V. Kiruthika11.1 Introduction 30911.2 Bio-epoxy Resins 31011.2.1 Soybean Oil (SO)-Based Epoxy Resins 31011.2.2 Cardanol-Based Epoxy 31211.2.3 Lignin-Based Epoxy 31311.2.4 Gallic Acid (C7H6O5)-Based Epoxy 31411.2.5 Itaconic Acid (C5H6O4)-Based Epoxy 31411.2.6 Natural Rubber (NR)-Based Epoxy 31511.2.7 Rosin-Based Epoxy 31711.2.8 Furan-Based Epoxy 31711.2.9 Hempseed Oil-Based Epoxy 31811.2.10 Eugenol (C10H12O2)-Based Epoxy 31911.3 Conclusion 319References 32012 Biobased Epoxy: Applications in Mendable and Reprocessable Thermosets, Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives and Thermosetting Foams 323Roxana A. Ruseckaite, Pablo M. Stefani, and Facundo I. Altuna12.1 Introduction 32312.2 Mendable and Reprocessable Biobased Epoxy Polymers 32412.2.1 Extrinsic Self-healing Biobased Epoxies 32612.2.2 Intrinsic Self-healing Biobased Epoxies 32812.3 Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSAs) From Biobased Epoxy Building Blocks 33312.4 Biobased Epoxy Foams 34212.4.1 Syntactic Foams from Biobased Epoxy Resins 34212.4.2 Thermosetting Epoxy Foams 345References 353Index 361