Zhaoliang Cui is Professor at College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, China. Enrico Drioli is Emeritus Professor at University of Calabria and Founding Director of the Institute on Membrane Technology, CNR (CNR-ITM), Italy. Francesca Macedonio is a researcher at CNR-ITM, Italy. Her research activities focus on membrane science and engineering for water treatment. Young Moo Lee is now Distinguished Professor and has been the President of Hanyang University during 2015-2019.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Fluoropolymers for Membranes 11.1 Membrane Technology 11.2 Fluoropolymers for Membranes 41.3 PVDF and Its Copolymer 41.3.1 Homopolymeric PVDF 101.3.2 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-co-Tetrafluoroethylene) (P(VDF-co-TFE)) 141.3.3 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropene) (P(VDF-co-HFP)) 181.3.4 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-co-Chlorotrifluoroethylene) P(VDF-co-CTFE) 191.3.5 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)-g-Poly(Styrene Sulfonic Acid) PVDF-g-PSSA 191.3.6 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) 211.4 PTFE and Its Copolymer 221.4.1 Homopolymeric PTFE 221.4.2 Perfluorosulfonic Acid-PFSA 251.4.3 Poly(Tetrafluoroethylene-co-Perfluoropropyl Vinylether) (PFA) 271.4.4 Tetrafluoroethylene Hexafluoropropylene Copolymer-FEP 281.4.5 Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene Copolymer-ETFE 291.5 ECTFE and Other Fluoropolymers 29References 312 Fabrication and Modification of Fluoropolymeric Membranes 412.1 Overview of Fluoropolymeric Membrane Fabrication and Modification 412.2 Fluoropolymeric Membrane Fabrication 412.2.1 Solvent Evaporation 422.2.2 Non-Solvent Induced Phase Separation 422.2.3 Thermally Induced Phase Separation 462.2.4 Vapor-Induced Phase Separation 492.2.5 Electrospinning 522.2.6 Stretching 542.2.7 Newly Emerging Fabrication Methods 552.3 Fluoropolymeric Membrane Modification 582.3.1 Surface Coating 582.3.2 Surface Grafting 602.3.3 Blending 612.3.4 Pore Filling 612.3.5 Copolymerization 612.3.6 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization 62References 633 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Membrane 713.1 Overview of PVDF Membrane 713.2 Fabrication of PVDF Membrane 713.2.1 Phase Separation Method 713.2.1.1 Non-Solvent-Induced Phase Separation (NIPS) Process 723.2.1.2 Thermally Induced Phase Separation 733.2.1.3 Non-Solvent Thermally Induced Phase Separation 753.2.1.4 Vapor-Induced Phase Separation 773.2.2 Electrospinning 773.2.3 Evaporation-Induced Phase Separation Method 793.2.4 Freezing 813.3 Modification of PVDF Membrane 823.3.1 Hydrophilic Modification 823.3.2 Hydrophobic Modification 843.3.3 Piezoelectric Modification 853.4 Processes of PVDF Membrane 873.4.1 PVDF Membrane for Membrane Distillation and Crystallization 873.4.1.1 Membrane Distillation 873.4.1.2 Membrane Crystallization 873.4.2 PVDF Membrane for Membrane Condenser 943.4.3 Piezoelectric PVDF Membrane Process 963.4.3.1 Reducing Membrane Fouling 963.4.3.2 Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 98References 1004 Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) Membrane 1114.1 Overview of PTFE Membrane 1114.1.1 Structure of PTFE 1114.1.2 Properties of PTFE 1124.1.3 PTFE Membranes 1144.2 Fabrication of PTFE Membrane 1154.2.1 Preparation of PTFE Flat Membrane 1174.2.2 Preparation of PTFE Hollow Membrane 1174.2.2.1 Pressing-Stretching-Sintering Method 1184.2.2.2 Dry-Wet Spinning 1194.2.2.3 Paste Extrusion-Stretching 1204.2.2.4 Pore-Forming Agent-Assisted Sintering Method 1214.2.2.5 Wrapping 1224.2.3 Electrospinning 1244.3 Modification of PTFE Membrane 1254.3.1 Surface Modification 1254.3.2 Filler Modification 1274.4 PTFE Coating 1284.5 Processes of PTFE Membrane 1294.5.1 Membrane Distillation 1294.5.2 Oil-in-Water Emulsions 1294.5.3 Membrane Absorption 1304.5.4 Membrane Degassing 1324.5.5 Mbr/mabr 1334.5.5.1 Mbr 1334.5.5.2 Mabr 1354.5.6 Membrane Emulsification 135References 1375 ECTFE Membrane 1435.1 Overview of ECTFE Membrane 1435.2 Fabrication of ECTFE Membrane 1445.2.1 ECTFE Membrane Fabricated by TIPS Method 1445.3 Modification of ECTFE Membrane 1495.3.1 Graft Copolymerization 1495.3.2 Surface Oxidation 1505.4 Processes of ECTFE Membrane 1515.4.1 ECTFE Membrane for Membrane Condenser 1515.4.2 ECTFE Membrane for Membrane Distillation 1545.4.3 ECTFE Membrane for Organic Solvent Filtration 1545.4.4 ECTFE Membrane for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (pemfc) 1575.4.5 ECTFE Membrane for Oil–Water Emulsion Separation 157References 1596 Other Fluoropolymers for Membranes 1616.1 Fluorinated Copolymers 1626.1.1 Fluorinated Block Copolymers 1626.1.2 Graft Copolymer 1636.2 Hyflon AD 1636.2.1 Introduction 1636.2.2 Preparation Process 1646.2.3 Application 1646.3 Pfpe 1666.3.1 Introduction 1666.3.2 Preparation Process 1666.3.3 Application 1676.4 Copolymerization of Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) and Vinyl Ethers (VEs) 1686.4.1 Introduction 1686.4.2 Application 1696.4.3 Polymer/Protein Complexes 1696.5 Pctfe 1706.5.1 Introduction 1706.5.2 Preparation Process 1716.5.3 Application 171References 1727 Fluoropolymer Membranes in Water Treatment 1757.1 Introduction 1757.2 Fluoropolymer Membranes for Producing Drinking Water 1757.2.1 Introduction to the Application of Membrane Technology in Drinking Water Treatment 1757.2.2 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Producing Drinking Water 1777.2.3 Typical Application Cases 1787.2.3.1 Household Water Purification System 1787.2.3.2 Municipal Tap Water Treatment 1787.3 Fluoropolymer Membranes for Treating Municipal Sewage 1797.3.1 Introduction of Municipal Sewage 1797.3.2 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Treating Municipal Sewage 1797.4 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Desalinating Seawater 1837.4.1 Typical Purification Technology of Desalinating Seawater 1837.4.2 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Desalinating Seawater 1847.5 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Treating Industrial Wastewater 1857.5.1 Typical Membrane Separation Technology for Treating Industrial Wastewater 1857.5.2 Fluoropolymer Membrane for Treating Industrial Wastewater 186References 1898 Fluoropolymers for Membrane Contactor and Pressure-Driven Applications 1978.1 Introduction 1978.1.1 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) 1988.1.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene 1998.1.3 Ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene 2008.1.4 Other Fluoropolymers 2008.1.4.1 Hyflon 2008.2 Fluoropolymers in Membrane Contactors 2018.2.1 Membrane Distillation 2018.2.1.1 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Membranes in MD: Some Examples 2048.2.1.2 Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes in MD: Some Examples 2048.2.1.3 Ethylene-Chlorotrifluoroeethylene Membranes in MD: Some Examples 2058.2.1.4 Hydrophobicity in MD Applications 2058.2.1.5 Wetting and Fouling Prevention in MD Applications 2078.2.1.6 Omniphobicity 2078.2.1.7 Amphiphilicity 2088.2.2 Membrane Crystallization 2088.2.3 Membrane Dryers 2108.2.4 Membrane Emulsification 2108.2.5 Membrane Condenser 2148.3 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes 2168.3.1 Ultrafiltration 2178.3.2 Microfiltration 2188.4 Conclusions 219References 2209 Fluoropolymers for Fuel Cell: Membranes and Ionomers 2339.1 Introduction 2339.1.1 Fuel Cell Technology 2339.1.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 2339.1.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 2359.1.4 Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 2369.2 Fluoropolymers for Fuel Cells 2379.3 Radiation Grafting 2419.4 Fluoropolymers for PEMFC 2439.5 Fluoropolymers for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 2489.6 Fluoropolymers for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 2509.7 Fluoropolymers as Binder Materials 2549.8 Conclusions 257References 25810 Fluoropolymers for Lithium-Ion Battery Separator 26510.1 Introduction 26510.1.1 Li-Ion Battery 26510.2 Requirements of Li-Ion Battery Separators 26810.3 Types and Fabrication of Separators 27010.4 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 27210.5 Fluoropolymers for Membrane Separators and Polymer Electrolytes 27310.5.1 Pvdf 27310.5.2 Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride-Hexafluoro Propylene) 27610.6 Next-Generation Li Battery 27710.6.1 Li-Air Battery Separator 27910.6.2 Li-S Battery Separator 28010.7 Conclusions 281References 282Index 289