Young Moo Lee is currently Distinguished Professor of Energy Engineering at Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea. He served as the 14th President of Hanyang University from 2015 to 2019. He is engaged in novel membrane materials and processes for gas and vapor separation including thermally rearranged polymer membranes, organic–inorganic hybrid membranes, surface modified membranes, and the design of novel polymers for fuel cells. Professor Lee has received numerous awards such as Top 100 Research Award by Korea Research Foundation (2017), Kyung Am Award (2012), and Top 50 Research Award by Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (2008).

• Preface xiAcknowledgments xiii1 Introduction 11.1 Energy and Membranes 11.2 Brief History of Membrane Technology 31.2.1 Current State-of-the-Art Membrane Technology 5References 62 Fundamentals of Membrane Technology 92.1 Introduction 92.2 Definition of Terms 92.2.1 The Membrane and Its Function 92.2.2 Membrane Materials and Structure 102.2.2.1 Symmetric and Asymmetric Membranes 112.2.2.2 Porous Membranes 122.2.2.3 Homogeneous Dense Membranes 122.2.2.4 Ion Exchange Membranes 132.2.2.5 Membrane Shapes 132.2.3 Mass Transport in Membranes 142.2.4 Separation Properties 162.3 Membrane Materials 172.3.1 Polymer Materials 182.3.1.1 Physical State and Properties of Polymer 192.3.2 Inorganic Materials 202.3.2.1 Preparation of Ceramic Membranes 212.4 Basic Principles of Membrane Preparation 222.4.1 Thermodynamics of Phase Separation 222.4.2 Nonsolvent-induced Phase Separation 252.4.2.1 Type of Polymer 262.4.2.2 Polymer Concentration 262.4.2.3 Additives 262.4.2.4 Casting Temperature 262.4.3 Thermally Induced Phase Separation 272.4.3.1 Polymer–Solvent Interaction 282.4.3.2 Effect of Cooling Rate 292.4.3.3 Effect of Additives 292.5 Membrane Fabrication 292.5.1 Asymmetric Membranes 292.5.2 Flat Sheet Membranes 332.5.3 Thin-Film Composite Membranes 342.6 Membrane Module Fabrication 34References 373 Membranes in Gas Separation for Energy and Environment 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Basic Principles of Gas Separation in Polymer Membranes 413.2.1 Permeability and Selectivity 413.2.2 Temperature Dependence of Gas Transport 443.2.3 Pressure Dependence of Gas Transport 453.2.4 Unusual Sorption Behavior of Glassy Polymers 463.2.5 Criteria for Membrane Material Selection 483.2.5.1 Diffusivity-Selective Polymer Membranes 483.2.5.2 Solubility-Selective Membrane 493.3 Limitations of Gas Separations Using Polymer Membranes 523.4 Polymer Membrane Materials 553.4.1 Cellulose Acetate 553.4.2 Polysulfone 573.4.3 Polyimides 583.4.4 Siloxane Polymers 593.4.5 Substituted Polyacetylenes 613.4.6 Amorphous Fluoropolymers 643.4.7 Polybenzimidazole 663.4.8 Nanocomposites and Mixed Matrix Membranes 683.4.9 Other Promising Polymers 743.4.9.1 Pebax 743.4.9.2 Polymers with Intrinsic Microporosity 753.4.9.3 Thermally Rearranged (TR) Polymer Membranes 813.4.9.4 High-performance Polyimides 863.5 Membrane Gas Separation Applications 893.5.1 Air Separation 893.5.2 Hydrogen Separation 943.5.3 Hydrocarbon/Hydrocarbon Separation 973.5.4 Carbon Dioxide Separation 1013.5.4.1 Post-combustion Flue Gas CO2 Capture 1023.5.4.2 CO2 Removal from Natural Gas 1093.5.4.3 CO2 Recovery from Biogas 1103.5.5 Vapor/Gas Separation 1123.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 113References 1134 Membranes for Fuel Cell 1354.1 Introduction 1354.1.1 Fuel Cells as Electrochemical Engines 1384.1.2 Classification of Fuel Cells 1404.1.3 History of Fuel Cell Development 1414.2 Basic Electrochemical Principles 1434.2.1 Electrochemical Reactions 1434.2.2 Basic Principles of Fuel Cells 1454.2.3 Voltage Losses 1514.2.3.1 Activation Losses 1514.2.3.2 Fuel Crossover and Internal Currents 1534.2.3.3 Ohmic Losses 1534.2.3.4 Mass Transport and Concentration Losses 1544.2.4 Water Management 1564.3 Membranes in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1574.3.1 Perfluorosulfonic Acids 1584.3.2 Characteristics of Nafion 1594.3.3 Degradation of Nafion 1624.3.4 Composite PEM 1634.3.5 Radiation-Grafted Fluoropolymer PEM 1634.3.6 Hydrocarbon-Based Cation Exchange Membranes 1684.3.7 Fuel Cell Stacks-MEA 1774.4 Membranes in Direct Methanol Fuel Cell 1774.5 Membranes in Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell 1804.5.1 Ammonium Groups and Their Stability 1824.5.2 Stable Polymer Backbones 1874.5.2.1 Aryl-Ether Polymers 1874.5.2.2 Polybenzimidazole and SEBS 1884.5.2.3 Poly(norbonene) 1894.5.2.4 Diels-Alder Polymer – Polyphenylene 1904.5.2.5 Poly(aryl piperidinium)s 1914.5.2.6 Radiation-Grafted AEM 1934.5.3 Water Management 1984.5.4 Outlook 1984.6 Anion Exchange Ionomers 1994.7 Fuel Cell Vehicle Market 2024.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 204References 2055 Membranes in Energy Storage System 2175.1 Introduction 2175.1.1 Li-Ion Battery 2175.1.1.1 Battery Market, Separator Market 2185.2 Requirements of Li-Ion Battery Separators 2225.3 Fabrication of Separator 2265.3.1 Type of Polymers 2265.3.2 Type and Fabrication of Separator 2265.3.2.1 Type of Separator 2265.3.2.2 Fabrication of Separator 2275.4 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 2335.5 Polymers for Separators and Polymer Electrolytes 2345.5.1 Polyolefin 2345.5.2 PVDF 2345.5.3 Poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro propylene) 2385.6 Next-Generation Li Battery 2395.6.1 Li-Air Battery Separator 2415.6.2 Li-S Battery Separator 2425.6.3 All Solid-State Li-Ion Battery 2435.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 247References 2486 Membranes in Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis 2576.1 Introduction 2576.2 Alkaline Water Electrolysis 2616.2.1 History of Water Electrolysis 2616.2.2 Alkaline Electrolysis 2636.2.3 Major Issues 2636.3 Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis 2646.3.1 Advantages of PEMWE 2666.3.2 Disadvantages of PEMWE 2666.3.3 Membranes 2676.3.4 Ionomers 2716.3.5 Technical Achievements and Applications 2736.4 Alkaline Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis 2746.4.1 Difference Between AWE and AEMWE 2766.4.2 Liquid Electrolytes 2766.4.3 Anion Exchange Membranes 2776.4.3.1 Commercial Membranes 2786.4.3.2 Chemical Stability of Cationic Groups 2906.4.4 Ionomers 2936.4.5 Durability 2946.4.6 Outlook for AEMWE 2966.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 298References 2987 Membranes for Power Generation 3097.1 Water Energy Nexus and Membranes 3097.2 Concept of Osmotic Power 3117.3 Energy Obtained from PRO 3147.4 Membranes for Pressure-Retarded Osmosis 3177.4.1 Cellulose Triacetate Membrane 3187.4.2 Thin-Film Composite Membrane 3187.4.3 Importance of Support Membranes 3197.4.4 Sponge-like Porous Structure of Support 3207.4.5 Nanofibrous Support Membrane 3217.4.6 Selective Layer 3217.5 Hybrid Systems with Membrane Distillation and Others 3247.5.1 PRO-MD Hybrid System 3247.5.2 SWRO-PRO Hybrid System 3257.5.3 SWRO-PRO-MD Trihybrid System 3277.5.4 Osmotic Heat Engine System 3277.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 328References 329Index 335