Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices

Yongbing Tang is a Professor at Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT) and Director of Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He is a recipient of the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars and National Science Fund for Outstanding Young Scholars, and Director of the Engineering Center of Guangdong Province, the Engineering Laboratory of Shenzhen, the Leading Talents of Guangdong Special Support Program, and High-level Professional Talents of Shenzhen. He has authored more than 240 scientific papers and more than 240 granted patents.Dr. Luojiang Zhang obtained his Ph.D. in Mechanical Convergence Engineering from Hanyang University, specializing in the topic of design, synthesis, evaluation, and application of key materials for novel energy storage devices. Now he works as an assistant professor at SIAT, CAS, and is a recipient of Overseas High-Caliber Personnel of Shenzhen.

• Preface xi1 Introduction 1Qingguang Pan and Yongbing Tang1.1 Introduction 11.2 New Energy Storage Devices 31.2.1 Metal-Air Batteries 31.2.2 Li-S Batteries 41.2.3 Metal-CO2 Batteries 51.2.4 Multivalent-Ion Batteries 61.2.5 Dual-Ion Batteries 71.2.6 Fuel Cells 81.2.7 Aqueous Batteries 91.2.8 Flow Batteries 111.2.9 Hybrid Capacitors 121.2.10 Flexible Energy Storage Devices 131.3 Conclusion 14References 152 Mechanisms and Promising Cathode Catalysts for Metal-Air Batteries 27Tao Zhang and Zhiqian Hou2.1 Introduction 272.2 Overview of Metal-Air Batteries 272.2.1 Reaction Mechanism of Metal-Air Batteries 282.2.2 Design of the Cathode Catalysts 302.2.2.1 Carbon-Based Catalysts 312.2.2.2 Noncarbon Catalysts 382.2.3 Li/Na/Zn-CO2 Batteries 392.2.4 Li-N2 Batteries 422.2.5 Solid Li/Zn-Air Batteries 432.2.6 Sealed Li/Zn-O2 Batteries 442.3 Summary and Outlook 45References 463 Rechargeable Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 55Girum Girma Bizuneh, Fang Li, Abdullah N. Alodhayb, and Jianmin Ma3.1 Background 553.2 Components and Mechanism of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries 563.3 The Existing Challenges of Li-S battery 573.4 Sulfur Cathode 583.4.1 Carbon Materials for Sulfur Cathode 593.4.1.1 Porous Carbons as a Sulfur Host 593.4.1.2 Graphene-Supported Sulfur Cathodes 603.4.2 Inorganic-Based Structures for Hosting Sulfur 633.4.2.1 Inorganic Sulfides 643.4.2.2 Inorganic Oxides 653.4.2.3 Inorganic Nitrides 653.4.2.4 Lithium Sulfide 673.5 Lithium Anode 683.5.1 Challenges with Li Metal Anode 693.5.2 Strategies Enabling Li Metal Anode 693.5.2.1 SEI Layer Construction by Electrolyte Additives 693.5.2.2 SEI Layer Construction by Artificial Engineering 703.6 Aprotic Electrolytes for Li-S Batteries 723.6.1 Carbonate Electrolytes 733.6.2 Ether Electrolytes 733.6.3 Mixed Solvent Electrolytes 743.7 Separators and Functional Interlayers 743.8 Conclusion and Perspective 76References 774 Metal-CO 2 Batteries: Mechanisms and Advanced Materials 91Chang Guo, Keyu Xie, and Xiao Han4.1 Introduction 914.2 The Electrochemistry Mechanism of Metal-CO2 Battery 924.2.1 Discharge/Charge Mechanisms of Li-CO2 Battery 934.2.1.1 Discharge Mechanisms of Li-CO2 Battery 934.2.1.2 Charge Mechanisms of Li-CO2 Battery 954.2.2 Discharge/Charge Mechanisms of Na-CO2 Battery 984.2.3 Discharge/Charge Mechanisms of K-CO2 Battery 994.2.4 Discharge/Charge Mechanisms of Mg-CO2 Battery 1004.2.5 Discharge/Charge Mechanisms of Zn-CO2 Battery 1024.2.6 Discharge/Charge Mechanisms of Al-CO2 Battery 1034.3 The Cathode Materials of Metal-CO2 Battery 1054.3.1 Carbon-Based Catalysis and Additive Catalysis 1054.3.2 Noble Metal-Based Catalysis 1074.3.3 Transition Metal-Based Catalysts 1094.3.4 Porous Framework-Based Catalysts 1104.4 The Electrolyte of Metal-CO2 Battery 1114.4.1 The Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolyte 1114.4.2 The Aqueous Electrolyte 1124.4.3 The Solid-State Electrolyte 1134.5 Summary and Outlook 114References 1155 Multivalent-Ion Batteries: Magnesium and Beyond 121Qirong Liu and Yongbing Tang5.1 Electrolyte Chemistry of Multivalent-Ion Batteries 1245.2 Intercalation Chemistry of Multivalent-Ion Batteries 1275.2.1 Diffusion Channel Engineering 1275.2.2 Delocalizing Electronic Structure 1295.2.3 Properly Shielding Charges of Multivalent Carriers 1315.3 Interfacial Chemistry of Multivalent-Ion Batteries 1335.4 Concluding Remarks 136References 1376 Dual-Ion Batteries: Materials and Mechanisms 143Luojiang Zhang and Yongbing Tang6.1 Introduction 1436.2 Cathode Materials 1466.2.1 Carbon Cathode Materials 1476.2.1.1 Graphite Materials 1476.2.1.2 Other Carbon Materials 1496.2.2 Organic Cathode Materials 1506.2.3 Other Cathode Materials 1526.3 Anode Materials 1536.3.1 Metallic Anode Materials 1536.3.2 Intercalation Anode Materials 1546.3.3 Alloying Anode Materials 1556.3.4 Conversion Anode Materials 1566.3.5 Other Anode Materials 1576.4 Electrolytes 1586.4.1 Organic Electrolytes 1586.4.2 Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 1606.4.3 Aqueous Electrolytes 1616.4.4 Gel Polymer Electrolytes 1626.5 Conclusion and Prospects 163References 1647 M-N-C Catalysts for Fuel Cells 171Xiao Zhao7.1 Introduction 1717.2 Synthesis and Characterizations of M-N-C Catalysts 1727.2.1 Pyrolysis 1727.2.2 CVD 1747.2.3 Cs-TEM 1757.2.4 XAS 1757.2.5 RDE and MEA 1767.3 Fe-N-C-Based Catalysts 1777.3.1 Understanding of the Nature of Fe-N-C Active Sites 1777.3.2 Engineering Fen X Active Sites 1797.3.2.1 Engineering Coordination Environment of Fe Centers 1797.3.2.2 Improving Metal Loading and Site Density 1817.3.2.3 Creating the Porosity and Improving Site Utilization 1817.4 Non-Fe Metal Centers 1837.5 Dual- and Multimetallic SACs 1857.6 Durability of M-N-C Catalysts 1867.7 Perspective 188References 1908 Developments and Prospects of Aqueous Batteries 203Shuo Yang, Shengmei Chen, and Chunyi Zhi8.1 Introduction 2038.2 Aqueous Batteries Based on Monovalent Metal Ions 2048.2.1 Aqueous LIBs 2048.2.2 Aqueous Na-Ion Batteries (NIBs) 2068.2.3 Aqueous K-Ion Batteries (KIBs) 2078.3 Aqueous Batteries Based on Multivalent Metal Ions 2088.3.1 Aqueous Zn-Based Batteries (ZBs) 2088.3.1.1 Alkaline ZBs 2088.3.1.2 Neutral ZIBs 2098.3.2 Other Aqueous Multivalent Metal-Ion Batteries 2128.4 Aqueous Batteries Based on Nonmetallic Ions 2148.4.1 Aqueous Proton (H +)Batteries 2148.4.2 Aqueous Ammonium-Ion (NH + 4)Batteries 2178.4.3 Aqueous Anion-Based Batteries (ABs) 2188.5 Challenges and Solutions of Aqueous Batteries 2198.5.1 Water Decomposition 2198.5.2 Dendrite Growth 2208.5.3 Side Reactions 2218.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 221References 2229 Progress and Perspectives of Flow Batteries: Material Design and Engineering 231Mengqi Zhang, Changkun Zhang, Xianfeng Li, and Guihua Yu9.1 Introduction 2319.2 Research Progress on the Electrolyte 2339.2.1 Vfb 2339.2.2 Zinc–Bromine FB 2339.2.2.1 Suppress the Formation and Growth of Zn Dendrites 2349.2.2.2 Suppress the Self-Discharge 2349.2.3 Zinc–Iron FB 2359.2.4 All-Iron FBs 2369.2.5 Aqueous Organic FBs 2389.2.5.1 Ferrocene Derivatives 2389.2.5.2 TEMPO Derivatives 2389.2.5.3 Viologen Derivatives 2399.2.5.4 Quinone Derivatives 2409.2.5.5 Heterocyclic Aromatics 2419.2.6 Nonaqueous FBs 2429.3 Research Progress on the Membrane 2439.3.1 Ion-Exchange Membranes 2439.3.2 Porous Membranes 2449.4 Electrodes and Bipolar Plates 2479.4.1 Electrodes 2479.4.2 Bipolar Plates 2489.5 Other Novel FBs 2499.5.1 The Semisolid FBs (SSFBs) 2499.5.2 The Redox-Targeting-Based FB 2499.6 FB Systems and Applications 2509.7 Conclusions and Remaining Challenges 251References 25110 Hybrid Capacitor 263Lin Liu, Tianyi Wang, Hong Gao, Chengyin Wang, and Guoxiu Wang10.1 Introduction 26310.2 The Formation, Energy Storage Mechanism, and Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Capacitor 26510.2.1 The Compositions of Hybrid Capacitor 26510.2.1.1 Anode and Cathode 26510.2.1.2 Electrolytes 26510.2.1.3 Separator 26610.2.1.4 Current Collectors 26710.2.1.5 Sealants 26710.2.2 Energy Storage Principles of Hybrid Capacitors 26710.2.3 Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Capacitor 26810.2.3.1 Capacitance 27010.2.3.2 Steady Operating Voltage Window 27010.2.3.3 Resistance 27110.2.3.4 Energy Density and Power Density 27210.2.3.5 Cycle Life 27210.3 Recent Advances in Hybrid Capacitors 27310.3.1 Hybrid Capacitors with Composite Electrodes 27310.3.2 Hybrid Capacitors with Redox-Asymmetric Electrodes 27810.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors with Battery-Type Electrodes 28210.4 Conclusion 289References 28911 Flexible Energy Storage Devices 299Chuan Xie and Zijian Zheng11.1 Introduction of FLBs 30011.1.1 Mechanical Foundation of ESDs with a Multilayer-Stacking Configuration 30011.1.2 Pathway and Research Strategies of the FLBs 30111.1.2.1 FLBs with Soft Structure 30211.1.2.2 FLBs with Soft Materials 30311.2 Materials and Structures for Achieving High-Performance FLBs 30411.2.1 Flexible Current Collectors 30411.2.1.1 Conductive Nanomaterials 30411.2.1.2 Metal Composites 30611.2.2 Flexible Electrodes 30611.2.2.1 Freestanding Electrodes Based on Polymeric Binders 30711.2.2.2 Flexible Electrodes Based on Binder-Free Techniques 30911.2.2.3 Textile Composite Electrodes 30911.2.3 Flexible Solid-State Electrolytes (SSEs) 31011.2.3.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) and Gel Polymer Electrolytes (GPEs) 31011.2.3.2 Aqueous Gel Polymer Electrolytes 31111.2.3.3 Hybrid SSEs 31111.2.3.4 Interface Issues of the Solid-State Batteries 31211.2.4 Flexible Configuration of Batteries 31311.2.4.1 Novel Configurations of FLBs 31311.2.4.2 1D Fiber-Shaped FLBs 31311.3 Challenges and Perspectives 31411.3.1 Lack of Standard Testing and Evaluation Method 31411.3.1.1 FOM of FLBs 31411.3.1.2 Durability, Wearability, and Comfortableness of FLBs 31511.3.2 Challenge of High Energy Density 31611.3.2.1 The Heavy Packaging Materials 31611.3.2.2 Novel Electrode Materials with High Specific Capacity 316References 318Index 327